D xylose

Pinot noir wines produced at Oregon State University Research Winery were used for wine polysaccharide isolation. All chemicals were of analytical grade unless otherwise specified. Ethanol (200 proof, HPLC-UV grade) was purchased from Pharmco (Brookfield, CT, USA). Acetyl chloride (≥99%), D-glucose (99%), D-galacturonic acid monohydrate (97%), L-arabinose (99%), L-fucose (99%), and L-rhamnose (99%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Tewksbury, MA, USA). Dextran standards, myo-inositol (≥99%), lactose (≥99%), and D-galactose (≥99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). N-trimethylsilylimidazole (>98%) was bought from TCI Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan), ammonium formate (99%) was obtained from BeanTown Chemical (Hudson, NH, USA), and D-glucuronic acid (≥98%) was purchased from ICN Biomedicals (Irvine, CA, USA). Methanol (extra dry, 99.8%), pyridine (extra dry,99.5%), D-mannose (≥99%), and D-xylose (≥99%) were obtained from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium).

Lactiplantibacillusplantarum strains were first incubated in cMRS for 24 h at 30°C. The cells were then collected by centrifugation at 5000× g for 5 min, washed twice in PBS to remove residual nutrients (pH 7.2) and then suspended in a modified MRS (mMRS) without beef extract or dextrose (pH 6.5) (De Man et al., 1960 ). The cell suspensions were then distributed into 96‐well microtiter plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) at an optical density (OD) at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) of 0.2. To test the capacity to grow on different sugars, mMRS was amended to contain 2% (w/v) of d‐glucose (111 mM) (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ), d‐maltose monohydrate (55 mM) (Amresco, Solon, OH), sucrose (58 mM) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), d‐galactose (111 mM) (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ), d‐raffinose pentahydrate (40 mM) (VWR International, Solon, OH), D‐fructose (55 mM) (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ), d‐xylose (133 mM) (Acros Organics, Morris Plains, NJ), d‐ribose (133 mM) (Acros Organics, Morris Plains, NJ) or l‐arabinose (133 mM) (Acros Organics, Morris Plains, NJ). The OD₆₀₀ values were measured hourly for 48 h in a Synergy 2 microplate reader (Biotek, Winooski, VT) set at 30°C without aeration.

Komagateibacter xylinus as a pure freeze-dried culture was obtained from “Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo” (CECT) (Paterna, Spain). Grape bagasse from Vitis vinifera L. Garnacha Tintorera, which contains skins, pulp, seeds, and stems, was obtained after the pressing process in winemaking. The bagasse raw material was kindly provided by a local winery (42°33′58.2″ N 7°40′37.4″ W) in the Ribeira Sacra region (Lugo, Spain). Potato samples (Solanum tuberosum) were gently supplied by a local company called Pitita’s Farm (Dozón, Spain). They were harvested at the geocoordinates 42°36′14.0″ N 8°01′24.6″ W.
Yeast extract, methanol, ethanol, sulfuric acid (95–97%), and sodium carbonate were supplied by Scharlau Microbiology (Barcelona, Spain). Standards of gluconic acid, D(+)-glucose monohydrate (99%), D-xylose (99%), L(+)-arabinose (99%), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) (98%) and furfural (99%) standards were purchased from Acros organics (Geel, Belgium). Analytical HPLC grade reagents and solvents were exclusively employed for the HPLC analysis. Folin–Ciocalteu reagents were supplied by Panreac (Barcelona, Spain).

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Gibco BRL (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). Nonessential amino acids, glucose (HK) assay kit, l-rhamnose, l-fucose and dextran standard were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). d-Glucose, d-mannose, d-galactose, d-ribose and d-arabinose were purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co. (Shanghai, China). d-Xylose was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Penicillin, streptomycin, trypsin and DMSO were purchased from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA). Phloridzin was purchased from the Chengdu Food and Drug Inspection Institute (Chengdu, China). All other reagents were of analytical grade. Total RNA Extractor (TRIZOL) was purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). RevertAid™ First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit and Power SYBR^® Green PCR Master Mix used in real-time PCR were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Cell culture plates (12 mm polycarbonate membrane, 0.4 μm pore size, 1.12 cm² surface area) were purchased from Corning (Corning, NY, USA).

Komagateibacter xylinus as a pure freeze-dried culture was obtained from “Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo” (CECT) (Paterna, Spain). Grape bagasse from Vitis vinifera L. Garnacha Tintorera, which contains skins, pulp, seeds, and stems, was obtained after the pressing process in winemaking. The bagasse raw material was kindly provided by a local winery (42°33′58.2″ N 7°40′37.4″ W) in the Ribeira Sacra region (Lugo, Spain). Potato samples (Solanum tuberosum) were gently supplied by a local company called Pitita’s Farm (Dozón, Spain). They were harvested at the geocoordinates 42°36′14.0″ N 8°01′24.6″ W.
Yeast extract, methanol, ethanol, sulfuric acid (95–97%), and sodium carbonate were supplied by Scharlau Microbiology (Barcelona, Spain). Standards of gluconic acid, D(+)-glucose monohydrate (99%), D-xylose (99%), L(+)-arabinose (99%), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) (98%) and furfural (99%) standards were purchased from Acros organics (Geel, Belgium). Analytical HPLC grade reagents and solvents were exclusively employed for the HPLC analysis. Folin–Ciocalteu reagents were supplied by Panreac (Barcelona, Spain).

To determine systemic defense responses after a chemical induction with xylose, the first fully expanded leaves per plant were syringe-infiltrated with either a specific xylose dose (D-/L-Xylose (ChemCruz™ Biochemicals), D-Xylose, or L-Xylose (Acros Organics)) as indicated, or a corresponding 10 mM MgCl₂-solution as the mock control. Three days later, two systemic leaves per plant were inoculated with 10⁵ cfu mL^-1 of Pst by syringe infiltration. Resulting in planta Pst titers were determined as described above at 4 dpi to assess xylose-induced resistance.
In order to analyze the effect of xylose on bacterial growth rates, we grew 10⁷ cfu mL^-1 of Pst in NYGA liquid medium. This was performed in the wells of 96-well plates, which were supplemented with defined concentrations of D-/L-xylose ranging from 0.1 µM to 1 mM. During a 22 h incubation while shaking (306 rpm) (Tecan INFINITE M1000 PRO), the OD₆₀₀ of the bacterial suspensions was monitored every 20 seconds as a measure of bacterial density/growth.