N n dimethylformamide (dmf)

PVDF was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and its molecule weight was 530,000 g/mol. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.9%), lithium chloride (LiCl, 98.2%), and ethyl alcohol (EtOH, 99.9%) were supplied by Samchun Inc. (Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Deionized (DI) water was obtained using a water deionizer (HUMAN POWER, Human Co., Seoul, Korea). All chemicals were used without further purification in this work.

AmB was procured from North China Pharmaceutical Huasheng Co. Ltd. (Hebei, China). Hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), distearoylphosphatidylglycerol (DSPG), cholesterol, and hydrochloric acid (37%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hanmi Gas Co. Ltd. supplied carbon dioxide with a high purity of 99.9% (Seoul, Republic of Korea). Ethyl alcohol (purity 99.9%), mEthyl alcohol (MeOH, purity 99.5%), chloroform (CHCl₃, purity 99.5%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, purity 99.5%), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA, purity 99.5%), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, purity 99.5%) were purchased from Samchun Pure Chemical (Pyeongtaek-si, Republic of Korea). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade. Purified water of Milli-Q quality (Milli-Q Reference, Millipore^®, Molshiem, France) was used throughout the study.

5,5ʹ,6,6ʹ-tetrahydroxy-3,3,3ʹ,3ʹ-tetramethyl-1,1ʹ- spirobisindane (>96%), and tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (>98%) were purchased from TCI, Japan. Anhydrous potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃, 99.5%), N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF, 99%), chloroform (CHCl₃, 99.5%), methanol (99.5%), acetone, 1,4-Dioxane, and tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99%) were purchased from SAMCHUN, South Korea. Anhydrous Zinc Chloride (ZnCl₂), Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), CDCl₃ (99.8%), and DMSO-d⁶ (99.96%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA.

Indium doped tin oxide (ITO)–coated glass substrates (10 Ω sq⁻¹) were purchased from AMGlass, Inc., Miami, FL, USA. Tin oxide (SnO₂; 15 wt.% in an H₂O colloidal dispersion), lead bromide (PbBr₂; ultra–dry, 99.999%), and cesium bromide (CsBr; ultra–dry, 99.9%, metals basis) were purchased from Alfa Aesar, Tewksbury, MA, United States and used without any treatment. Poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) was purchased from Rieke Metals, Lincoln, NE, United States. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 99.5%) was provided from Samchun Chemicals, Soeul, Korea. Chlorobenzene (CBZ; 99.8%) was purchased from Kanto Chemical, Chuo-ku, Japan, and methyl alcohol (99%) was purchased from Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium and used without further purification. The dispersed ITO-NPs (average particle size: 18 nm, 35 wt.% in ethanol) were provided from US Research Nanomaterials, Inc., Houston, TX, United States. Furthermore, Ag-NWs dispersion (diameter: ~30 nm, lengths: ~25 um, 0.5 wt.% in ethanol) were prepared from OK International, Inc., Cypress, CA, USA. Commercial ITO glass substrates for reference were provided from AMGlass, Inc., Miami, FL, USA.

PE, PP, hPB (poly-1-butene, average Mw = 750,000) were purchased from Ylem Technology (Yeosu, Korea). cPB (BL series, BL2491M, average Mw = 470,000) was obtained from MITSUI Chemicals, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) cPB contains poly-1-butene and polypropylene. Cyclohexane (99.0%), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.5%) and tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.8%) were purchased from SAMCHUN (Seoul, Korea) and used without further purification.

Polycaprolactone (PCL, MW = 80,000) and methotrexate (MTX, MB8407) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chloroform (99.5%) and N,N-dimethylformamide (99.5%) were purchased from Samchun Pure Chemical (Mogok-doing, Korea). Primary and secondary antibodies were obtained from Abcam (Toronto, ON, Canada). Hep G2 (HB-8065) and CCD-1112Sk (CRL-2429) cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). All other reagents and solutions were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA), Gibco (Rockville, MD, USA), or Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA), except where indicated otherwise.

Before proceeding with the experiment, the sample was prepared as shown in Figure 1A. More specifically, 12 wt% polyurethane (PU, Estane^®, Skythane^® X595A-11, Mw = 110,000, State of Ohio, USA) solutions dissolved by dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.5%, Samchun chemical, Pyeongtaek, Korea) and tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.8%, Samchun chemical, Pyeongtaek, Korea) in 1:1 volume ratio which containing 0, 1%, 3% and 5% of TT oil were prepared, to which a voltage of 15 kV was applied to produce nanofibers by electrospinning. To prepare the packaging container for study, after punching a circular hole of 5 cm in diameter in the packaging container, we attached the nanofibers to complete the sample of the packaging container.