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6 protocols using raltegravir

1

Synthesis and Acquisition of Cardiac Glycosides

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Digoxin, ouabain, coumermycin-A1, and nevirapine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK; raltegravir was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA, digitoxin was obtained from MP Biomedicals, UK, digoxigenin from Fluka, Dorset, UK. 20,22-dihydroDigoxin-21-23-diol (DHD) was synthesized as previously described [36 (link)].
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2

Inhibiting Cellular Pathways: A Comprehensive Protocol

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Proteasomal inhibitors were used in culture for up to 6 h at 5 µM MG132 (Calbiochem) and 5 µM lactacystin (Sigma). Calpain was inhibited by treatment of cells in culture for 24 h with 50 nM calpain inhibitor 1 (CI1 also called ALLN or MG101; Sigma). GSK3β was inhibited by incubating cells in culture for 6 h with 100 nM insulin (Sigma) or the specific inhibitor SB216763 (Sigma) in increasing amounts (10–100 µM). Neddylation inhibitor MLN4924 was purchased from BostonBiochem and applied in a final concentration of 0.1 to 1 µM. HIV-1 inhibitors were used in the following concentrations: Raltegravir 250 nM (Santa Cruz), Flavopiridol 50 nM, Efavirenz 50 nM, Saquinavir 50 nM (all from the NIH AIDS Reagents Program).
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3

HIV Inhibitor Drug Evaluation

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Doxycycline, Saquinavir, Azidodeoxythymidine (AZT), Nevirapine, and Raltegravir were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology; human TNF-α was from Cell Signaling Technology; z-VAD-fmk was from R&D Systems; Birinapant was from BioVision; recombinant HIV-1 protease was from Prospec Tany TechnoGene; cOmplete Protease Inhibitor tablets were from Roche Diagnostics; all primers used for PCR and qRT-PCR were from IDT.
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4

Latent HIV-1 Provirus Reactivation Assay

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For reactivation of latent HIV-1 provirus, cells were counted and collected as pellets by centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 10 min. Cells were then plated in 96-well U-bottom plates at 1×106 per 200 μl in the presence of 30 μM Raltegravir (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and the indicated activator. Cells were harvested 72 hours after stimulation, washed one time with PBS, and lysed in 60 μl of Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega). After 15 min of lysis, the luciferase activity in cell extracts was quantified with a SpectraMax i3x Multi-Mode plate reader (Molecular Devices, USA) after mixing 20 μl of lysate with 100 μl of substrate (Luciferase Assay System-Promega). Relative light units (RLU) were normalized to protein content determined by DC Protein assay (BIO-RAD).
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5

Vpr Expression and Luciferase Assay

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The wild-type Vpr sequence was excised from pNL4.3 (ARP-3418, NIH AIDS Reagent Program) by digestion with PflMI and SalI restriction enzymes and ligated into pNL4-3.Luc.ER (ARP-114; NIH AIDS Reagent Program), digested in the same manner. Virus was prepared by transfection of 293T cells with these DNAs with a VSV-G expression construct. Before infection, the viral supernatants were checked for the presence and absence of Vpr by Western blot. Anti-Vpr polyclonal antibody (Proteintech, #51143-1-AP) and anti-HIV1 p24 antibody [39/5.4A] (Abcam, #ab9071) were used for staining. HeLa cells were treated with 10 µM Raltegravir (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-364600) or the equivalent amount of dimethyl sulfoxide and infected with reporter viruses encoding Vpr or without Vpr. Luciferase activity was assessed 24 h after infection with the Luciferase Assay System (Promega, #E1501) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and measured on an Omega microplate reader (BMG Labtech).
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6

Latent HIV-1 Provirus Reactivation Assay

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For reactivation of latent HIV-1 provirus, cells were counted and collected as pellets by centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 10 min. Cells were then plated in 96-well U-bottom plates at 1×106 per 200 μl in the presence of 30 μM Raltegravir (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and the indicated activator. Cells were harvested 72 hours after stimulation, washed one time with PBS, and lysed in 60 μl of Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega). After 15 min of lysis, the luciferase activity in cell extracts was quantified with a SpectraMax i3x Multi-Mode plate reader (Molecular Devices, USA) after mixing 20 μl of lysate with 100 μl of substrate (Luciferase Assay System-Promega). Relative light units (RLU) were normalized to protein content determined by DC Protein assay (BIO-RAD).
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