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15 protocols using mouse anti tnf α

1

Dual Immunofluorescence Staining of TNF-α and PRDX6

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After tissue was dewaxed, hydrated, high pressure antigen repaired and 5% sheep serum (filter 0.01 M PBS preparation) blocked 37°C for 25 min, Anti-TNF-α (Mouse, 1:100, Abcam) and anti-PRDX6 (Rabbit, 1:150, EPITMICS) were added overnight at 4°C. After they were washed, sections were incubated with fluorescence secondary antibody IgG (anti-rabbit Cy3: green, 1:100, Jackson)/IgG (anti-mouse 488: red, 1:200, Invitrogen) for 2 hours at 37°C. After DAPI mounting, the slides were observed using fluorescence microscopy. For double labelling, anti-GTAP/anti-NEUN was chosen to adapt to species of anti-TNF-α/anti-PRDX6.
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2

Immunohistochemical Analysis of TNF-α and PRDX6

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Immunohistochemistry was performed using the SP Kit (Zhongshan Jinqiao Biotechnology Co. Ltd.) method. After sections were dried, dewaxed, hydrated and underwent high-pressure antigen repairing. Sections were incubated in 3% hydrogen peroxide (filtered 0.01 M PBS preparation) at 37°C for approximately 10 min and then incubated in 5% sheep serum (filter 0.01 M PBS preparation) at 37°C for 25 min. Subsequently, anti-TNF-α (mouse, 1:150, Abcam) and anti-PRDX6 (rabbit, 1:150, EPITMICS) antibodies were incubated overnight at 4°C. Sections were then washed with 0.01 M PBS according to SP Kit instructions, then sequentially incubated with reagent B (37°C incubating for 15 min) and reagent C (37°C incubating for 15 min) at intervals with 0.01 M PBS. Then, diaminobenzidine (DAB) was used to develop the stain and 0.01 M PBS was used to terminate the reaction. The sections were then subjected to haematoxylin staining, separation, transblue, and dehydration. Sections were made transparent, and mounted. They were observed with a light microscope (Motic inverted microscope) with a computer-assisted video camera.
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3

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Lung Inflammation

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Immunohistochemistry of lung sections was performed as previously described [19 ]. The antibodies were rabbit polyclonal anti-mouse TNF-α (Abcam, UK), rabbit polyclonal IFN-γ antibodies (Invitrogen, USA), and rabbit polyclonal anti-mouse iNOS antibody (Cayman Chemical, USA). All sections were examined by light microscopy, and the expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, or iNOS was semiquantified by intensity of positive signal using Image Pro Plus software.
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4

Anti-inflammatory Signaling Pathways

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Gabapentin was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). LPS (L2880) from Escherichia coli O127:B8 were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Anti-rabbit IL-1β and anti-mouse TNF-α antibodies were purchased from Abcam Inc. (Cambridge, MA, USA). Anti-rabbit p-cPLA2, cPLA2, COX-2 antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (CST).
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5

Protein Expression Analysis Protocol

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Total protein was extracted from cells using RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and determined using a bicinchoninic acid assay kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol. Subsequently, 20 mg of the cell lysate was separated via 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (EMD Millipore). The membranes were then blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for 2 h at room temperature and incubated with the following primary antibodies obtained from Abcam overnight at 4°C: Anti-rabbit VEGF (Abcam; cat. no. ab11939; 1:500), anti-rabbit TGF-β1 (Abcam; cat. no. ab92486; 1:1,000), anti-mouse TNF-α (Abcam; cat. no. ab9739; 1:1,000), anti-rabbit IL-6 (Abcam; cat. no. ab208113; 1:500) and anti-rabbit GAPDH (Abcam; cat. no. ab9385; 1:1,000). The immune complexes were then immunoblotted with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit IgG antibodies (Beijing ComWin Biotech Co., Ltd; 1:2,000). Immunodetection was performed using enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (Fdbio Science) by Image J 1.8.0 (National Institutes of Health).
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6

Histological Analysis of Mandibular Molars

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The mandibles were embedded in paraffin, and 4-μm-thick mesiodistal sections were prepared. The sections exhibiting the entire molar roots were selected for HE staining and observed under a light microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). The distance of the cementoenamel junction–alveolar bone crest (CEJ-ABC) was calculated. Immunohistochemical staining for TNF-α and IL-6 was performed. Deparaffinized and ethanol-rehydrated sections were incubated with 0.25% pancreatic enzyme at 37°C for 30 min and treated with 3% H2O2 in the dark for 15 min. After being blocked with 5% solution for 30 min, the sections were incubated with the following primary antibodies overnight at 4°C: anti-mouse TNF-α (Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom), anti-rabbit IL-6 (Proteintech Corp., Madison, WI, United States), and anti-mouse hepcidin (Proteintech Corp., Madison, WI, United States). Then, the sections were incubated with diaminobenzidine (DAB) solution and counterstained with hematoxylin. After gradient dehydration, the sections were mounted with neutral gum and observed under an optical microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany).
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7

Immunohistochemical Staining of Cytokines

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Slide-mounted tissue sections were washed with PBS for 5 min, incubated in
3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min and washed 3 times in PBS. They were then heated
in 1% antigen-unmasking solution (Vector Laboratories) for 20 min at 90°C,
incubated for 1 h in permeabilization buffer (10% goat serum, 0.1% Triton
X-100 in PBS) and incubated overnight at 4°C with rabbit anti- IL-1β
(1:100) or mouse anti - IL-6 (1:100) or mouse anti-TNFα (1:50) primary antibody
(Abcam) in antibody solution (5% goat serum, 0.05% Triton X-100 in PBS).
Next day, the sections were washed with PBS and incubated 1 h at room temperature with
biotinylated goat anti-rabbit, (1:400), or biolinylated goat anti- mouse (1:400)
antibodies (Vector Laboratories) in antibody solution. Sections were then washed in PBS,
incubated in avidin-biotin complex mixture (ABC,1:100) for 1 h at room temperature, washed
again and developed with diaminobenzidine solution (DAB), washed with PBS, dried and cover
slipped with vectamount mounting medium. For immunostaining of RFP sections were
pre-treated in the same way and incubated with rabbit anti-DsRed (1:1000) primary antibody
(Abcam) over night at 4°C, washed with PBS and incubated with biotinylated goat
anti-rabbit antibody, 1:400, (Vector Laboratories) for 1 h at room temperature. Sections
were washed with PBS, dried and cover slipped with Vectashield aqueous mounting medium
with DAPI.
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8

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Skin Samples

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Sections (5 µM thick) were taken from paraffin embedded blocks. Slides were dewaxed and brought to dH2O down an ethanol gradient. Masson’s trichrome staining, and immunoperoxidase staining for neutrophils and macrophages, was performed as described in Wilkinson et al. (2019a) (link). For immunofluorescent staining, antigen retrieval was achieved with citrate buffer and sections blocked in goat serum and M.O.M block (Vector Laboratories, CA, United States). Rabbit anti-keratin 14 (clone: Poly19053; Biolegend, CA, United States), mouse anti-TNF-α (clone: 52B83; Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom) and rat anti-CD107b (clone: M3/84; BD Biosciences, NJ, United States) primary antibodies were detected with Alexa Fluor conjugated secondary antibodies (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and slides were mounted with MOWIOL 488 containing DAPI (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Slides were imaged on an LSM 710 confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) using a 20× objective lens and 405-nm diode, 488-nm argon, and 561-nm diode-pumped solid-state lasers. Staining was quantified using ImageJ v.1.8.0 (National Institutes of Health, MD, United States).
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9

Immunohistochemistry and Immunoblotting Protocols

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Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were performed as previously described 4 (link), 34 (link). The following antibodies for immunohistochemistry were used: rabbit anti-GFP (#A6455, Invitrogen), rabbit anti-MCP-1 (#500-P113, PeproTech), mouse anti-TNFα (#ab8348, Abcam), rabbit anti-NeuN (#ab177487, Abcam), rabbit anti-Iba1 (#019-19741, Wako), rabbit anti-Ki67 (#ab15580, Abcam), rat anti-CD68 (#FA-11, Abcam), rabbit anti-Tmem119 (#ab209064, Abcam), rat anti-P2RY12 (#848001, BioLegend), rabbit anti-Synaptotagmin 1 (#105003, Synaptic Systems), mouse anti-MHC-II (#ab55152, Abcam), and mouse anti-PSD-95 (#MAB1596, EMD Millipore). Species-specific secondary antibodies were conjugated with Alexa Fluor488, 594 or 647 (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen). The antibodies for immunoblotting were: rabbit anti-iNOS (#610332, BD PharMingen), mouse anti-COX2 (#610204, BD PharMingen), and mouse anti-GAPDH (#MAB374, EMD Millipore).
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10

Neuroprotective Mechanism of TC-G 1008

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The expression levels of GPR39, SIRT1, PGC-1α and Nrf2 were measured at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 days post-HIE by Western blot following the manufacturer’s recommendations [34 (link), 35 (link)]. To analyze whether GPR39 receptor and SIRT1/PGC-1α/Nrf2 pathway were involved in the neuroprotective effects of TC-G 1008, the expression levels of GPR39, SIRT1, PGC-1α and Nrf2, and pivotal inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α were assessed via Western blot. RIPA lysis buffer (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) was used to obtain whole cell lysates. Primary antibodies used were rabbit anti-GPR39 (1:500, Bioss), mouse anti-SIRT1 (1:2000, Abcam), rabbit anti-PGC-1α (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-Nrf2 (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-interleukin (IL)-1β (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-interleukin (IL)-6 (1:1000, Abcam), mouse anti-TNF-α(1:500, Abcam) and mouse anti-β-actin(1:3000, Santa Cruz). The next day, the anti-rabbit (or anti-mouse) secondary antibodies (1:3000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) were incubated at room temperature for 1–2 h. The gray values were quantified and analyzed by Image J software (NIH).
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