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15 protocols using neomycin sulfate

1

Lentinan and Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Preparation

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Lentinan (molecular weight, 36,000–50,000) was purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The antibiotics ampicillin, neomycin sulfate, metronidazole and vancomycin were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The broad-spectrum antibiotics solution was comprised of four antibiotics (ampicillin (100 mg/kg, Macklin Biochemical), vancomycin (50 mg/kg, Macklin Biochemical), metronidazole (100 mg/kg, Macklin Biochemical), neomycin sulfate (100 mg/kg, Macklin Biochemical)) and made fresh every 24 h.
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2

Allergy-inducing Mouse Model Protocols

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Metronidazole, ampicillin, neomycin sulfate, and vancomycin were obtained from Macklin Biochemical Technology (Shanghai, China). Mouse anti-DNP-IgE monoclonal antibody, DNP-HSA, ovalbumin (OVA), cholera toxin (CT), and aluminum were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Mouse IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, TNF-α and mMCP-1, histamine, zonluin, and the sIgA ELISA kit were from Dongge Boye (Beijing, China). Mouse ZO-1, Claudin-1, and Occludin polyclonal antibodies were obtained from Lianke Biotechnology (Hangzhou, China). The FastDNA SPIN Kit for soil was from Mpbio (Santa Ana, CA, USA). PicoGrenn dsDNA was from Life Technology. The AXYPREP DNA Gel Extraction Kit was obtained from Axygen Biosciences. The Roche GS FLX Titanium em PCR Kit and Roche GS FLX Sequencing kit were from Roche Applied Science. DNA DL2000Marker was obtained from Takara Bio (Dalian, China).
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3

Inducing Lipogenesis and Gut Microbiota Depletion in Chickens

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The HFD group of chickens was subjected to a diet comprising basal feed and soybean oil (20%) for a duration of 4 wk, with the aim of inducing excessive lipogenesis and fat deposition. On the other hand, the ABX group of chickens was administered a mixture of 4 antibiotics via oral gavage for a period of 21 d, with the objective of depleting the gut microbiota. Each chicken was housed in an individual cage and provided with ad libitum access to food and water. The antibiotic mix consists of vancomycin (Macklin, Shanghai, China, 0.5 μg/mL), Ampicillin (Macklin, Shanghai, China, 1 μg/mL), Neomycin sulfate (Macklin, Shanghai, China, 1 μg/mL), and Metronidazole (Macklin, Shanghai, China, 1 μg/mL). Chickens in the ABX group were provided with ad libitum access to the water with 4 antibiotics.
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4

Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in Mice

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Adult C57Bl/6 mice, male, 25–28 g, were obtained from SLAC laboratory animal company (Shanghai, China). Animals were housed under climate-controlled conditions with a 12-h light/dark cycle and provided with standard laboratory chow and tap water. All procedures and experimental protocols were approved by the Institute Animal Care and Ethical Committee of Zhejiang University School of Medicine.
Osmotic pumps (Alzet Model 2002, CA, USA) were subcutaneously implanted into mice to deliver either saline or Ang II (400 ng/kg−1min−1) for 2 weeks [24 (link)]. TMAO (1%, Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate, ACROS Organics, Geel, Belgium) and an antibiotics cocktail (0.5 g/L vancomycin, 1 g/L neomycin sulfate, 1 g/L metronidazole, 1 g/L ampicillin) were administered via drinking water [15 (link),25 (link)]. vancomycin was purchased from Meryer Chemical Technology (Shanghai, China), neomycin sulfate was purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China), Metronidazole and Ampicillin were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Drinking water was replenished thrice a week. After treating mice with TMAO for 14 days or antibiotics for 7 days, the osmotic pumps were implanted. Systolic blood pressure was measured by non-invasive tail-cuff (Visitech Systems BP-2000, NC, USA) during 14 days of Ang II infusion.
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5

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cytokine Profile Assay

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Reference standards, including caffeic acid, quercetin, isoquercitrin, ferulic acid, vitexin, vicenin II, schaftoside, isoschaftoside, rutin, hyperoside, salicylic acid, rosmarinic acid, daidzein, oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, epinodosin, methyl rosmarinate, kamebakaurin, shikokianin, lasiokaurin, oridonin, lasiodonin, ponicidin, and nodosin were purchased from Refmedic Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Additionally, 5-ASA was purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), while DSS (molecular weight: 36–50 kDa) was obtained from International Laboratory USA (San Francisco, CA, USA). The antibiotics, namely, vancomycin, neomycin sulfate, ampicillin, and metronidazole, were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Mouse serum interleukin (IL)-17, IL-4, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were obtained from Novus Biologicals (Littleton, CO, USA). A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ELISA kit was provided by CUSABIO (Wuhan, China). A fixation/permeabilization solution kit (BD GolgiPlug) and CD25, Foxp3, CD4, and IL-17A antibodies used for Th17 and Treg cell phenotyping were purchased from BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).
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6

CT26 Cell Culture and Akkermansia Muciniphila Maintenance

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CT26 cells were purchased from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Shanghai, China). Ampicillin sodium salt, neomycin sulfate, metronidazole, and vancomycin HCl were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Akkermansia muciniphila was obtained from the BeNa Culture Collection (Henan Province, China). The thioglycollate medium was purchased from Qingdao Hope Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Qingdao, China).
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7

Antibiotic Modulation of Murine Gut Microbiome

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Six-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were purchased from Shanghai Jie Si Jie Laboratory Animal Co. Ltd. The mice were housed in a humidified room with a 12:12 h light–dark cycle and were provided with irradiated food and sterile water at the Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China. For experiments involving antibiotic treatments, broad-spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin 1 g/L, Macklin; neomycin sulfate 1 g/L, Macklin; metronidazole 1 g/L, Macklin; and vancomycin 0.5 g/L, CSNpharm) were administered in the drinking water for two weeks [17 (link)]. All experiments involving live animals were conducted in compliance with the ‘Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals’ and were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China (No: 201804001Z).
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8

Broussonetia papyrifera Leaf Extraction and Evaluation

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Fresh Broussonetia papyrifera leaves were collected at the planting base (Beihai, China). Monosaccharide standard was purchased from BoRui Saccharide Biotech Co., Ltd. (Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China). Acetaminophen (AR, 99.0%) was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Bifendate Pills were purchased from Beijing Xiehe pharmaceutical factory (Beijing, China). Neomycin sulfate, Ampicillin sodium salt, Metronidazole, and Vancomycin hydrochloride were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). AST and ALT test kits were purchased from URIT Medical Electronics Co., Ltd. (Guilin, China). H&E and Hoechst33258 dye solution set were obtained from Servicebio technology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). SOD, MDA, GSH, and GSH-PX test kits were purchased from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Mice IL-6 (MM-0163M1), IL-10 (MM-0176M1), TNF-α (MM-0132M1), CYP2E1 (MM-44419M1), SULT1A1 (MM-0874M1), UGT (MM-0770M1), caspase-3 (MM-43676M1), caspase-8 (MM-45746M1), and caspase-9 (MM-1179M1) ELISA kits were purchased from Jiangsu Meimian industrial Co., Ltd. (Yancheng, Jiangsu, China). Spin Column Animal Total RNA Purification Kit was purchased from Sangon BiotechCo., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), First-strand cDNA Synthesis Mix and RealStar Green Fast Mixture were purchased from GenStar Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).
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9

Antibiotic Susceptibility Assay Protocol

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Ampicillin (98%, Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd.), neomycin sulfate (United States Pharmacopoeia, (USP) grade, 680 I.U./mg, Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd.), metronidazole (99%, Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd.), vancomycin (USP, ≥950 μg/mg, Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd.), glycerol (Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.), biosafety cabinet (HR30/IIA2, Qingdao Haier Biomedical Co., Ltd.), electronic balance (BSA2202S, Sartorius AG), frozen centrifuge (X1R 75,004,250, Thermo Fisher Scientific, China), anaerobic incubator (BACTRON EZ/2, Shanghai Longyue Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd.), and cryogenic freezer (DW-86 L626, Haier Biomedical Co., Ltd.) were used.
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10

Antibiotic Depletion of Chicken Gut Microbiome

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Each chicken was housed in a separate cage with water and food ad libitum. An antibiotic mix consisting of vancomycin (Macklin, Shanghai, China, 0.5 μg/mL), Ampicillin (Macklin, Shanghai, China, 1 μg/mL), Neomycin sulfate (Macklin, Shanghai, China, 1 μg/mL) and Metronidazole (Macklin, Shanghai, China, 1 μg/mL) was used to deplete the gut microbiota. The chickens were treated with a mix of four antibiotics or distilled water by oral gavage for 21 days. The dosing of antibiotics in the drinking water refers to previous studies [12 (link),28 (link)]. The body weight of the chicken was measured after three weeks of antibiotic treatment.
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