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9 protocols using fructose

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Rare-Earth Doped Nanoparticles

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All the chemicals were of analytical
grade and were used without further purification; yttrium nitrate
hexahydrate (Y(NO3)3·6H2O, 99.89%),
gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate (Gd(NO3)3·6H2O, 99.89%), and terbium nitrate hexahydrate (Tb(NO3)3·6H2O, 99.89%), PEI (with Mw = 25 000 and Mn =
10 000), TNP, 2,4-DNT, 2,6-DNT, 2,4-DNP, RDX, phenylalanine,
cysteine, isoleucine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine,
histidine, and glutamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. TNT
and RDX were purchased from HEMRL, Pune. NaCl, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, and NaOH were received from Thomas Baker. NH4F was received from Merck. Dextrose, glucose, sucrose, fructose,
lactose, and maltose were received from Himedia laboratories Pvt.
Ltd. 1,3-DNB, 4-NP, 2,4-DNB, NM, 4-NT, NB, copper oxychloride, cypermethrin,
malathion, fenvelerate, carbendazim, and chloropyrifos were purchased
from a local company and used as received. Ethanol was obtained from
Hayman Ltd. Deionized water was used throughout the experiments.
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2

Optimization of Amylase Production

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OFAT method was carried out by changing parameters of factors in a sequential manner. The factors considered for optimization were pH of the media, Incubation temperature, Carbon and nitrogen sources and presence of metal ions. The pH of the media was adjusted between 4 and 10. The incubation temperature ranged between 4 °C and 45 °C. Additional carbon sources like glucose, fructose, sucrose, dextrose, inositol, mannitol, rhamnose, maltose, lactose, trehalose, sodium citrate, arabinose (HiMedia Laboratories, Mumbai, India, LR grade) was supplemented at 10 g/L along with Starch. The effect of nitrogen source on amylase production was evaluated by replacing peptone with malt extract, beef extract, yeast extract, peptone, casitone, corn steep liquor (HiMedia Laboratories, Mumbai, India, LR grade) and inorganic nitrogen sources such as ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate (HiMedia Laboratories, Mumbai, India, LR grade). Various metal ions such as Fe2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, Sn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+at 0.5 g/L were supplemented in the media in the form of metal salts. All the experiments were performed in triplicates and the data is represented in Mean ± Standard deviation.
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3

Characterization of Carbohydrate Interactions

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Benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, Bovine Serum Albumin and Naringin were procured from Sigmaaldrich, USA. Lactose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Xylose, Sodium Sulphate, Di-Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate and Sodium Carbonate were procured from Himedia, India. The purity of each chemical used in the current investigation is provided in Table 1.
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4

High-Fat High-Fructose Diet in Mice

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Six-week-old factor 8 -/-male mice (F8 knockout mice Jackson B6; 129S-F8 tm1Kaz /J) (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME, USA) were used in this study. All animals were housed in an individual caging system with proper access to water and feed ad libitum. The mice were divided into two batches, that is control (n = 7) and treated (n = 7). The diet of control mice included 4.5% fat and 22% crude protein supplemented diet (total energy 3802 kcal/kg), while the treated group was supplemented with a diet containing 30% fat and 18% crude protein supplemented diet along with an additional 50% (w/w fructose) (HiMedia, Mumbai, India). This special diet is denoted as HFHF diet, which has a total energy content of 5202 kcal/kg.
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5

Evaluating Sperm Membrane Integrity via HOST

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The functional integrity of the semen plasma membrane was checked by HOST. This test was performed by Jeyendran et al. [22 (link)] and Revell and Mrode [23 ] with some modifications. In brief, the 0.9 gm fructose (Himedia Lab. Pvt., Ltd.) and 0.49 gm trisodium citrate dihydrate (Himedia Lab. Pvt. Ltd.) dissolved up to 100 ml distilled water. An aliquot of 62.5 µl of sperm was added to 250 µl of prewarmed HOST solution, after which it was incubated at 37°C for 1 h. A 10 µl droplet was kept on a clean glass slide and coated with a prewarmed coverslip. The percentage of spermatozoa showing coiling and swelling of the tail was counted 400 times under a light microscope. At least 3 distinct fields, consisting of 200 sperm, were evaluated.
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6

Semen Extender Composition and Evaluation

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The extender without tris and egg yolk (extender I) is considered a control which is composed of citric acid (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO 63103, U.S.A), 1.51 gm, fructose (Himedia Lab. Pvt., Ltd, Mumbai 400086, India) 0.81 gm, gentamycin (Opsonin Pharma, Ltd., Barishal, Bangladesh) 250 µg/ml, glycerol (Riedel-de Haen TM, D-30926 Seelze, Germany) 3.5% and deionized water up to 100 ml, pH were adjusted to 7.2. Additionally, extender II, extender III, extender IV, and extender V were made by using tris (Himedia Lab. Pvt.,) 1.41 gm + egg yolk 4 ml, tris 2.41 gm + egg yolk 8 ml, tris 3.41 gm + egg yolk 16 ml, tris 4.41 gm + egg yolk 24 ml, respectively, where the other ingredients were same like control (Table 1). Each extender is divided into Parts 1 (without glycerol) and 2 (with 7% glycerol, for a final concentration of 3.5% glycerol).
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7

Colorimetric Assay for Antioxidant Capacity

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The reagents hydrochloric acid (HCl), nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O), ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), urea, glucose, fructose, glycine, aspartic acid, 3,5,3,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), ammonium persulfate (APS), aniline, l-cystine, and also the chemicals for the phosphate and sodium buffer preparations were procured from Himedia (P) Ltd., India. Commercially available orange juices were used for the real sample analyses. All the reagents were used as received without any further purification.
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8

Quantification of Turmeric Compounds

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Dried turmeric powder of C. longa species and 95% pure curcuminoids standard were given by Konark Herbals and Health Care, Mumbai, India.
Glycerol (>99%), ethylene glycol (>99%), 1,4-butanediol (>98%), lactic acid (>98%), malic acid (99%), citric acid (>99%), and choline chloride (98%) were purchased from S. D. Fine Chemical, India. Xylose, glucose, and fructose were obtained from Hi Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., India). Analytical grade ethanol (99%) and HPLC grade acetonitrile, methanol, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were procured from Thomas Baker Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. India. Deionised water, purified through Millipore Milli Q 50 HPLC grade, was used.
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9

Preparation and Characterization of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

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Benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, Bovine Serum Albumin and Naringin were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Lactose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Xylose, Sodium Sulphate, Di-Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate and Sodium Carbonate were procured from Himedia, India. The purity of each chemical used in the current investigation is provided in Table 1.

Source and purity of chemicals used in the preparation of NADES and extractive fermentation.

Chemical nameCAS Reg. no.SupplierMass % purities stated by suppliers
Benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (BMC)56-93-9Sigma-aldrich0.99 w/w
Bovine Serum Albumin9048-46-8Sigma-aldrich0.99 w/w
Naringin10236-47-2Sigma-aldrich0.99 w/w
Lactose (L)63-42-3Himedia0.97 w/w
Fructose (F)58-49-7Himedia0.97 w/w
Sucrose (S)57-50-1Himedia0.97 w/w
Xylose (X)609-06-3Himedia0.97 w/w
Maltose (M)69-79-4Himedia0.97 w/w
Sodium sulphate54664-61-8Himedia0.97 w/w
Di-Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate7758-11-4Himedia0.97 w/w
Sodium carbonate207-838-8Himedia0.97 w/w
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