Sodium Acetate Trihydrate, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), and Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. MES sodium salt was purchased from Sigma as an anhydrate. Bis-Tris (2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2’,2”-nitrilotriethanol) was purchased from Acros Organics, and Tricine (N-Tris[hydroxymethyl]methylglycine was purchased from BioRad.
Each universal buffer is an equimolar mixture of three reagents with each performing as a buffer when the pH is near its pKa. Universal buffers were prepared by adding appropriate amounts of individual dried buffer to distilled water. To standardize concentration for each universal buffer used in the titration and temperature experiments, the sum concentration of reagents was 60mM for each formulation. For the titrations, pH of the individual buffer and universal buffers was set to pH 11 using 10M sodium hydroxide and then brought to final concentration by addition of water. Titrations from high to low pH were conducted by step-wise addition of 5M hydrochloric acid followed by vigorous mixing. pH was measured using a standard pH electrode (Thermo Fisher Scientific Dj Glass AG/AGCL Ph Electrode with a waterproof BNC).
Each universal buffer is an equimolar mixture of three reagents with each performing as a buffer when the pH is near its pKa. Universal buffers were prepared by adding appropriate amounts of individual dried buffer to distilled water. To standardize concentration for each universal buffer used in the titration and temperature experiments, the sum concentration of reagents was 60mM for each formulation. For the titrations, pH of the individual buffer and universal buffers was set to pH 11 using 10M sodium hydroxide and then brought to final concentration by addition of water. Titrations from high to low pH were conducted by step-wise addition of 5M hydrochloric acid followed by vigorous mixing. pH was measured using a standard pH electrode (Thermo Fisher Scientific Dj Glass AG/AGCL Ph Electrode with a waterproof BNC).