Rats were administered clinical grade Vancomycin hydrochloride (Lot number: 167973; Fresenius Kabi, Lake Zurich, IL, USA), piperacillin-tazobactam sodium (Lot number: 1PU19022; Apollo, Palm Beach Gardens, USA), iohexol [Omnipaque] (Lot number: 15025174; GE Healthcare Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA), and normal saline as a control group (Hospira, Lake Forest, IL, USA). Vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam were prepared by weighing and dissolving the powder in purified water (EMD Millipore, Burlington, MA) to achieve final concentrations of 100 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL, respectively. For LCMS analyses, analytical grade iohexol (Lot number: LRAC5648; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and creatinine (Lot number: LRAB2988; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were purchased for stock solution preparation; iohexol-d5 (Lot number: LRAC5648; Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI), and creatinine-d3 (Lot number: 0533175–29; Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI) were purchased for use as internal standards; LCMS-grade acetonitrile and methanol (VWR, Radnor, PA) were used as mobile phase solvents; formic acid was obtained from Fischer Scientific (Waltham, MA). Frozen, nonimmunized, nonmedicated, pooled plasma (anticoagulated with disodium EDTA) from Sprague Dawley rats (Lot: RAT483100; BioreclamationIVT, Westbury, NY) was utilized for dilution of rat plasma samples.
Purified water
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Purified water is a laboratory-grade water used in various scientific applications. It is produced through a multi-step filtration and purification process to remove impurities and contaminants, resulting in high-purity water suitable for sensitive analyses and experiments.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Methanol, by Avantor (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Lc ms grade acetonitrile, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Formic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Vancomycin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Creatinine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Normal saline, by Pfizer (1 mentions)
Iohexol d5, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Creatinine d3, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Iohexol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Acetone, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Toluene, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Divinylbenzene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium sulfate, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Ethylvinylbenzene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 4 divinylbenzene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
12 protocols using purified water
1
Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics and Contrast Agent
2
Sparsely-tethered Bilayer Membrane Formation
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Sparsely-tethered bilayer membranes (stBLMs) were formed as described earlier (McGillivray et al., 2007 (link)). Briefly, phosphorous-doped, n-conducting silicon wafers (El-Cat, Ridgefield Park, NJ) for neutron reflection or microscopy glass slides for impedance spectroscopy and SPR measurements were used as substrates. Substrates were cleaned in Nochromix BX10 (Godax Laboratories, Cabin John, MD) solution with concentrated sulfuric acid, followed by extensive rinses with purified water (EMD Millipore, Billerica, NY) and pure ethanol (Pharmco-Aaper, Shelbyville, KY), and dried in a nitrogen flow. They were loaded in a magnetron (ATC Orion; AJA International, North Scituate, MA) and coated with a ≈2 nm Cr adhesion layer and an Au layer with a thickness of ≈45 nm (for EIS or SPR) or ≈15 nm (for NR). Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were prepared by overnight incubation of the Au-coated substrates in 0.2 mM (total concentration) ethanolic solution of HC18 and β-mercaptoethanol (βME, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) in a molar ratio of 30:70. Upon removal from the incubation solution, the SAM-covered slides were immediately incubated with a vesicle suspension at high ionic strength for at least 2 hr, followed by a rinse with PBS of low ionic strength (50 mM NaCl) at pH 7.4 that completed stBLM formation by rupture of adhering vesicles under osmotic shock.
3
Acid Dyes for Textile Dyeing
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Three textile acid dyes such as C.I. Acid Red 18, C.I. Acid Violet 1 and C.I. Acid Green 16 were purchased from Boruta-Zachem (Zgierz, Poland). Their physicochemical properties are presented in Figure 10 . Acid dyes, named for their application under acid conditions, are reasonably easy to apply, have a wide range of colors and, depending on dye selection, can have good color fastness properties. They are widely applied for wool, silk and nylon dyeing.
Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), polyvinyl alcohol (APV, MW = 72,000, 98% degree of hydrolysis), decan-1-ol and triethylenetetramine (TETA) were purchased from Fluka AG (Munich, Germany).
α,α’-azoisobisbutyronitrile and divinylbenzene (62.2% of 1,4-divinylbenzene, 0.2% of 1,2-divinylbenzene and ethylvinylbenzene) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetone, toluene, methanol, acetic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were obtained from Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A. (Lublin, Poland). Purified water came from Millipore (UMCS, Lublin, Poland).
Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), polyvinyl alcohol (APV, MW = 72,000, 98% degree of hydrolysis), decan-1-ol and triethylenetetramine (TETA) were purchased from Fluka AG (Munich, Germany).
α,α’-azoisobisbutyronitrile and divinylbenzene (62.2% of 1,4-divinylbenzene, 0.2% of 1,2-divinylbenzene and ethylvinylbenzene) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetone, toluene, methanol, acetic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were obtained from Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A. (Lublin, Poland). Purified water came from Millipore (UMCS, Lublin, Poland).
4
Quantitative Analysis of Soluble Amino Acids
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The soluble amino acids were extracted from samples (0.2–0.3 g fresh weight) of fully expanded leaves as reported previously [34 (link)]. They were derivatized with fluorescence reagent 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidylcarbamat (AQC) (AccQ-FluorTM Reagent Kit; Waters) and then determined with the reverse-phase HPLC System Alliance 2795 (Waters). The chromatographic conditions were as follows: reverse-phase column (XBridge; 150 nm, 5 μm); excitation wavelength, 300 nm; detection wavelength, 400 nm. Eluents consist of buffers A: 140 mM sodium acetate (Merck), 7 mM triethanolamine (Sigma-Aldrich), B: acetonitrile (Roth) and C: purified water (Millipore). The column was equilibrated with buffer A (0.6 ml per min). Separation was performed with gradients buffer B: 1% at 0.5 min, 5% at 27 min, 9% at 28.5 min, 18% at 44.5 min, 60% at 47.5 min and 0% at 50.5 min, at 37 °C column temperature [35 (link)]. Chromatograms were analyzed by Waters Empower software (Milford, MA, USA).
5
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Inhibition Assay
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Ketoconazole, sulfaphenazole, erythromycin, quercetin, and solvents methanol, acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Black Costar 96-well plates were obtained from Thermo Fischer Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Vivid® CYP2C8 Green Screening Kit with Vivid® substrate, di-[benzyl-O-methyl]-fluorescein (DBOMF) and Vivid® CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 Blue Screening Kits with Vivid® substrate, 7-benzyl-oxymethyloxy-3-cyanocoumarin (BOMCC) were purchased from Life Technologies™ (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Purified water (double-distilled and deionized) was obtained from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA).
6
Assay for Cytochrome P450 Activity
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Miconazole nitrate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Black costar 96 well plates were obtained from Thermo Fischer Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Vivid® CYP450 Blue Screening Kit and Vivid® Substrate, 7-benzyl-oxymethyloxy-3-cyanocoumarin, (BOMCC) were purchased from Life Technologies, (Grand Island, NY, USA). Standard for epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid for identification of constituents of herbal extracts were purchased from Chromadex (Wesel, Germany). Purified water (double-distilled and deionized) was obtained from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA).
7
Pesticide Adsorption on Cork Granules
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The tests used a pesticides concentration of 10 μg L-1 in 1 L of purified water (Millipore, Bedford, MA) using 134 (67 for each cork adsorbent) shakers maintained at 22 °C (±2 °C). The pH of the water was adjusted to 3, 7 and 9 to test for pH differences. A total of 4 g of cork granules were added to each solution and the shakers were covered with aluminum foil to avoid photo degradation of the pesticides. The shakers were placed on a shaking table for 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 720 and 1440 minutes, at the end of each time the samples were analyzed in two repetitions.
8
Synthesis and Hydration of PNIPAM Microgels
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N-Isopropylacrylamide (499%) (NIPAM), N,N 0 -methylene-bisacrylamide (BIS) (499.5%) and 2,2 0 -azobis(2-methyl-propionamidine)dihydrochloride (97%) (AAPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). All chemicals were used as received. A Millipore Milli-Q Plus 185 purification system was used for water purification.
Methanol (anhydrous) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Germany. HYDRANAL TM -Composite 5 (Honeywell Fluka TM ) was purchased from Fisher Scientific GmbH, Germany. All chemicals were used without further purification.
PNIPAM microgel particles crosslinked with BIS were synthesized via surfactant-free precipitation polymerization as described in our previous work. 19 For neutron experiments 0.192 g of dried microgels were mounted in aluminium sandwich cells (Fig. 1). To measure the humidified sample 0.09 g of purified water (Millipore) has been added in small drops to the dried system. The degree of humidification is still too small to dissolve the microgels, it remains a gel like solid.
Methanol (anhydrous) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Germany. HYDRANAL TM -Composite 5 (Honeywell Fluka TM ) was purchased from Fisher Scientific GmbH, Germany. All chemicals were used without further purification.
PNIPAM microgel particles crosslinked with BIS were synthesized via surfactant-free precipitation polymerization as described in our previous work. 19 For neutron experiments 0.192 g of dried microgels were mounted in aluminium sandwich cells (Fig. 1). To measure the humidified sample 0.09 g of purified water (Millipore) has been added in small drops to the dried system. The degree of humidification is still too small to dissolve the microgels, it remains a gel like solid.
9
Grassland Soil Urea Extraction Protocol
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Soil samples were collected from eleven grassland sites in the UK (see table S1 for further site information). Three replicate soil samples from each site were collected at random, bulked and stored at 4 °C until extraction. Prior to extraction, plant material, macrofauna and stones were removed by sieving (2 mm). Triplicate soil samples (2 g) were treated with double distilled water (soil: double distilled water (DDW) ratio of 1:10 w/v) and shaken at room temperature (1 h at 400 rev min -1 ). Following this, the soils were centrifuged (10 min, 1690 x g), the supernatant was removed, and residues washed with a further 5 ml of DDW and the supernatant combined to give an overall soil to extractant ratio of 1:12.5 w/v. Soil extracts were stored at 4 °C for 24 h prior to analysis, and were diluted with purified water (Millipore) at a ratio of 1:2 w/v soil extract to DDW for colorimetric urea determination.
10
Heparin-starPEG Hydrogel Synthesis
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Hydrogels were prepared as previously described 22 (link) . Briefly, a two-fold excess of EDChydrochloride and a stoichiometric amount of NHS were added to a pH 7.0 solution of heparin in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The heparin-NHS ester was formed by maintaining the reaction mixture at 4 o C for 15 min. Next, a stoichiometric amount of starPEG solution in PBS (pH 7.4) was added. The total volume of the reaction mixture was 1 ml and the total weight of the heparin and starPEG mixture was 11 %w/w. The reagents underwent a solution-gel (solgel) transition in less than 1 h and was kept overnight at room temperature for completion of the reaction. The hydrogel was then swollen in purified water (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), followed by PBS, to remove the side products of the reaction. The swollen hydrogels were then stored in PBS at 4°C until use. Hydrogels used for in vitro and in vivo applications were prepared under sterile conditions and reagent solutions were sterilized by filtration through 0.2µm filters (polyvinylidene fluoride membrane, Acrodisc LC 13mm, PALL Life Science, Port Washington, NY, USA).
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