The Pt/Cu/WOx film was deposited at room temperature (RT) on TiN/Si where TiN acted as the BE. The Pt (100 nm thick) and Cu (30 nm thick) layers were deposited using RF (radio frequency) sputtering with Ar while the WOx layer (20 nm thick) was prepared using reactive RF sputtering (using Ar gas with 20% O2). The schematics of a reference ReRAM device in the conventional device geometry is shown in Fig. 6(a) . These devices were prepared by using photolithography followed by reactive ion etching (RIE) and/or lift-off. The circular contact hole was 4 μm in diameter. For I–V measurements (performed in air at room temperature using a Yokogawa GS610 source-measure-unit (SMU)), a resistor of 1 kΩ was serially connected to prevent permanent breakdown of ReRAM during Set switching. The TEM sample shown in Fig. 6(b) was obtained after processing using the ion shadow method44 45 46 . Elemental mapping [from a different sample to that shown in Fig. 6(b) ] is shown in Fig. 6(c) , which was measured using EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) with a FEI Titan3 G2 STEM (scanning TEM). Clear stacking was identified.
Gs610
Manufactured by Yokogawa
Sourced in Japan
The GS610 is a high-precision digital multimeter designed for laboratory and industrial applications. It features a large, easy-to-read display and supports a wide range of measurement functions, including voltage, current, resistance, and more. The GS610 is known for its accuracy and reliability, making it a versatile tool for various electrical and electronic measurements.
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6 protocols using gs610
1
Pt/Cu/WO_x Thin Film ReRAM Fabrication
2
Optogenetic Stimulation and In Vivo Electrophysiology
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For electrophysiological recording, broadband signals (0.07 Hz 8 kHz) were amplified (×1000) (HST/32V-G20 and PBX3, Plexon) relative to a cerebellar bone screw and were digitized at 20 kHz (PXI, National Instruments). Once spiking activity was detected, optical pulses (50 ms pulse width at 2 Hz repetition rate) were delivered from either the optical fiber or μLED to assess whether neurons could be activated by optical stimulation, after which recording sessions were initiated. Each recording session typically consisted of a non-stimulation period (up to 2 min), optrode and μLED stimulation periods (up to 3 min) and another non-stimulation period (up to 2 min). The μLED was driven by a current source (Yokogawa, Source Measure Unit GS610) from 0.1 mA up to 6 mA (Corresponding to intensities at the probe/neural tissue interface from 0.5 mW/mm2 up to 52 mW/mm2). In the experiment in Figure 3 , the μLED was supplied with 4 mA (40 mW/mm2) current pulses. The light source of the optrode was a commercial GaN LED (450 nm, PlexBright, Plexon) with 58.9 mW/mm2 output at tip of the probe. This light level was used as standard for all cortical experiments as it allow for stimulation along the full length of the optrode.
3
Transdermal Iontophoretic Delivery of PRP and Liposomal PRP
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Pure PRP and liposomal PRP at high (0.5 mg/kg) and low (0.05 mg/kg) doses were administered via transdermal iontophoretic delivery or subcutaneous injection. The voltage and current for iontophoresis were generated by a current power generator (GS610, Yokogawa, Japan) combining a set of transdermal patch (PF 383 and PF 384, Perimed, Järfälla, Sweden). The current density of 0.1 mA was applied to stimulate the permeation of PRP or PRP encapsulated liposomes. The location of anode and cathode was placed according to the investigation on β-blocker iontophoresis accomplished by Tashiro et al. [44 (link)]. The duration of each experiment was conducted for 2 h per day, 2 days per week, for 12 weeks. The doses of PRP were based on the previous description [37 (link),38 (link)] and the well-known potentials of liposomes to decrease administrative doses. The treatment duration and current density used in this study were determined on the basis of our previous findings of PRP release from its liposomes-encapsulated form and the iontophoretic liposomal PRP protocol by Conjeevaram et al. [27 (link),45 (link)].
4
Continuous EL Excitation by Constant Current
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Continuous EL excitation was achieved by a constant current source (GS610, Yokogawa) generating a current density of 5 mA/cm2 in the device.
5
Pulsed High-field Transport Measurements
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High-field electrical transport measurements were performed in a 4He cryostat with a base temperature of 2 K in Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center. A pulsed DC current of 4 μA was generated by a Yokogawa GS610 current source. An uncertainty of 250 Ω arising from the high rate of field sweep (1000 T/s) in pulsed magnetic field measurements and imperfect cancellation of measurement circuit was estimated according to the real geometry of the circuit. The absence of hysteresis in low-field transport data of the 7-SL MnBi2Te4 samples is due to the fast field sweeping rate. Low-field calibration of the 6-SL thick device was performed in a commercial 4He cryostat with a superconducting magnet up to 9 T. The longitudinal and Hall voltages were measured simultaneously by using lock-in amplifiers with an AC current of 200 nA generated by a Keithley 6221 current source. The back gate was applied by a Keithley 2400 source meter. To eliminate the effect of electrode misalignment, the measured four-terminal longitudinal and transverse resistances were symmetrized and antisymmetrized with respect to the magnetic field.
6
Fabrication and Joule Heating of MWCNTs
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MWCNTs with Co nanorods were fabricated as follows. An alumina substrate with a 30 nm-thick Co deposition was sealed in an evacuated silica tube with 3 mg of a mixture of graphite powder, palmitic acid, and saccharin at a weight ratio of 664 : 86 : 1. The sample was then heated to 1100 °C for 20 min to induce nanotube growth. Au nanoparticles were deposited on the surfaces of the grown MWCNTs to examine Joule heating. The grown MWCNTs were mounted on Cu or Au wires for TEM (JEOL ARM200F, operated at 200 kV) observations. TEM images and movies were obtained using TVIPS XF416 or Gatan Rio16 CCD cameras with a resolution of 1024 × 1024 at 10 or 25 fps. A source measure unit (Yokogawa GS610) was used to apply voltage and current. W or Ni needles were used as biased probes. For electromigration experiments, we selected MWCNTs with a straight and homogeneous inner diameter without inclusions other than aimed Co fillers.
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