Igor pro v6

The topography and the torsional-amplitude error images were first-order flattened to remove any tilt from the images using the Igor Pro v6.36 software (WaveMetrics Inc., Lake Oswego, OR, USA). In order to remove noise from the small-scale images a 3 × 2 Gauss filter was applied to all AFM images except for the ones used for the determination of the lateral invOLS (Fig. S4). For the calculation of the torsional and the lateral force images in Fig. 5 we wrote a Matlab code (MATLAB R2018a, MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) for the implementation of the Fourier method based on the script provided by Seeholzer et al.^{4 (link),35 (link)}. The calculated force images were smoothed with a Savitzky–Golay filter over nine points with a first-order polynomial.

PolyhHbs were synthesized from human Hb and glutaraldehyde using our previously reported procedure [40 (link)]. Expired human plasma for viscosity analysis was generously donated by Transfusion Services, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The rheology of PolyhHb plasma mixtures was measured using a DV3T-CP cone and plate Rheometer (Brookfield AMETEK, Middleboro, MA) with cone spindle CPA-40Z. PolyhHb was mixed with human plasma at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 PolyhHb to plasma volume fractions. For all measurements, 0.5 mL of solution was placed in the rheometer. While monitoring the shear stress, the shear rate was increased from 200 to 850 s^-1 for human plasma, 1 to 400 s^-1 for PolyhHb mixtures, and 1 to 100 s^-1 for pure PolyhHb solutions. For all rheological measurements, the sample cup temperature was maintained at 37°C. The resulting shear stress (τ) and shear rate (γ) were then fit to the power law equation (Eq 1) in Igor Pro v. 6.36 (Wavemetrics, Lake Oswego, OR) to yield the flow consistency index (K) and the flow behavior index (n_f).