Male and female juvenile rats (32-33 days of age) received a single 0.5 μl injection of Ringer’s solution (vehicle) or one of the following drugs or cocktails: the non-specific glutamate receptor agonist L-glutamic acid (600 nmol; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), the V1aR antagonist (CH2)5Tyr(Me2)AVP (10ng), a cocktail containing the V1aR antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me2)AVP (10ng) and L-glutamic acid (600nmol), a cocktail containing the V1aR antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me2)AVP (10ng), NMDA receptor antagonist AP-5 (2 mM; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX (0.4 mM; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), or the selective GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol (100 ng; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Each rat received one vehicle injection and one drug injection in a counterbalanced order over two consecutive days. Drug doses were chosen based on previous microinjection studies in rats inducing changes in behavior (Veenema et al., 2012 (link), 2013 (link); Bredewold et al., 2015 (link); Stanley et al., 1993; Numan et al., 2010).
L glutamic acid
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Israel, United Kingdom, China, Netherlands, Australia
L-glutamic acid is a naturally occurring amino acid that serves as a key ingredient in various laboratory applications. It is a white, crystalline powder with a molecular formula of C₅H₉NO₄. L-glutamic acid plays a crucial role in numerous biochemical processes and is commonly used in chemical analysis, buffer preparation, and as a building block for other compounds.
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Lab products found in correlation
L aspartic acid, by Merck Group (43 mentions)
L phenylalanine, by Merck Group (35 mentions)
L arginine, by Merck Group (33 mentions)
L histidine, by Merck Group (33 mentions)
L serine, by Merck Group (30 mentions)
L alanine, by Merck Group (30 mentions)
L glutamine, by Merck Group (29 mentions)
L lysine, by Merck Group (29 mentions)
L leucine, by Merck Group (28 mentions)
L valine, by Merck Group (27 mentions)
L tyrosine, by Merck Group (27 mentions)
L isoleucine, by Merck Group (25 mentions)
L threonine, by Merck Group (24 mentions)
L asparagine, by Merck Group (24 mentions)
L proline, by Merck Group (24 mentions)
L tryptophan, by Merck Group (24 mentions)
L methionine, by Merck Group (23 mentions)
Glycine, by Merck Group (16 mentions)
L cysteine, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (10 mentions)
213 protocols using l glutamic acid
1
Microinjections of Glutamate, GABA, and Antagonists
2
Neuroinflammation Modulation Protocol
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Sigma-Aldrich), the system xC− inhibitor SSZ (Sigma-Aldrich), and l -glutamic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) were prepared in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations in PBS, 1 M NH4OH, and PBS, respectively, and administered at doses of 1 µg/mL (LPS), 200 µM (SSZ), and 300 mM (l -glutamic acid).
3
Neuroprotective Effects of Mdivi-1 on Glutamate-Induced Injury
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Neurons isolated from neonatal rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, dimethyl sulfoxide, glutamate, and Mdivi-1 + glutamate. Cells in the control group were left untreated. In the dimethyl sulfoxide group, cells were cultured in medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide (the ratio of dimethyl sulfoxide to medium was 1:200; Sigma). Cells in the glutamate and Mdivi-1 + glutamate groups were treated with 10 mM L-glutamic acid (Sigma, Shanghai, China) for 24 hours (Zhu et al., 2017); cells in the Mdivi-1 + glutamate group were pretreated with 50 μM Mdivi-1 (Sigma) for 2 hours before addition of L-glutamic acid.
4
Pharmacological Evaluation of Analgesic Agents
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The following drugs and chemicals were used in the current study: morphine sulphate, diclofenac sodium, naloxone (Hameln Pharmaceuticals GmbH), acetic acid, methanol, formalin, cinnamaldehyde, methylene blue, L-glutamic acid (Merck, Germany), glibenclemide (Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangladesh), and DMSO (Merck, Germany).
5
Pharmaceutical Preparation and Analysis
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Diclofenac sodium and glibenclamide were purchased from Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Dhaka, Bangladesh). Methanol, 99% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), l-glutamic acid, acetic acid, and formalin were procured from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
6
Analytical Procedures for Flavor Compounds
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Hexanal, trans-hex-2-enal, trans-hept-2-enal, trans-oct-2-enal, trans-non-2-enal, trans-dec-2-enal, trans-undec-2-enal (≥95%), trans,trans-nona-2,4-dienal, trans,trans-deca-2,4-dienal, trans,trans-undeca-2,4-dienal (≥90%), cis-dec-4-enal, cis-undec-8-enal, hexan-2-one, heptan-2-one, nonan-2-one, 2-butyloct-2-enal, dl -alanine, l -glutamic acid, and ethanolamine were obtained from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Butan-2-one (>99%), pentan-2-one (>99%), octan-2-one (>98%), decan-2-one (>99%), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (>96%), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine were obtained from TCI Chemicals Europe N.V., Zwijndrecht, Belgium. l -Glycine, l -lysine, dl -leucine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (97%) were obtained from Fisher Scientific GmbH, Schwerte, Germany. Paraffin oil (Pfeiffer® P3) was obtained from MasCom Technologies GmbH, Bremen, Germany. Headspace vials (20 mL) and magnetic screw caps with a septum (SIL/PTFE 1.9 mm) were purchased from Chromatographie-Zubehör Trott, Kriftel, Germany. Fats and vegetable oils were purchased from local supermarkets. All chemicals were of analytical grade, if not mentioned otherwise.
7
Development of a μPAD Sensor
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All reagents used were of analytical reagent grade unless stated otherwise and were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Química S.A., Madrid, Spain). All aqueous solutions were made using reverse osmosis-type quality water, Milli-RO 12 plus Milli-Q station from Millipore, with a conductivity of 18.2 MΩ·cm (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) (CAS No, 54827-17-7); acetic acid (CAS No, 64-19-7); sodium acetate (CAS No, 127-09-3); ethanol (CAS No, 64-17-5); L-glutathione (GSH) (CAS No, 70-18-8); L-cysteine (Cys) (CAS No, 7048-04-6); L-glutamine (Gln) (CAS No, 56-85-9); L-arginine (Arg) (CAS No, 74-79-3); L-asparagine (Asn) (CAS No, 70-47-3); DL-homocysteine (Hcys) (CAS No, 454-29-5); L-glutamic acid (Glu) (CAS No, 56-86-0); D-mannose (Man) (CAS No, 3458-28-4); galactose (Gal) (CAS No, 137868-52-1); D-lysine (Lys) (CAS No, 923-27-3); L-serine (Ser) (CAS No, 56-45-1); L-histidine (His) (CAS No, 71-00-1); Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (CAS No, 9048-46-8); and Silver nitrate (AgNO3) (CAS No, 7761-88-8) were acquired from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Filter paper (ref. Whatman 1, qualitative circles 150 mm) from Sigma-Aldrich and 54 × 86 mm transparent sheets with a quality strength protection of 125 microns (Fellowes® pouches, Itaca, NY, USA) were used to prepare and laminate the μPAD.
8
Pharmacological Effects Evaluation Protocol
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Morphine sulfate was purchased from TEMAD Co. (Tehran, Iran). Naltrexone hydrochloride and ondansetron hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). NaCl and L-glutamic acid were purchased from Merck Chemicals Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). All drugs and chemicals were dissolved in physiological saline, and just only NaCl dissolved in distilled water.
9
Pharmacological Evaluation of Analgesic Drugs
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The drugs and chemicals used in this study are: diclofenac sodium (Novartis Bangladesh Ltd.), morphine sulfate, sodium thiopental (Gonoshasthaya Pharmaceuticals Ltd.), diazepam (Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd.), naloxone hydrochloride (Samarth Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., India), methanol, acetic acid, formalin, L-glutamic acid (Merck, Germany).
10
Intracellular Metabolite Quantification
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Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and erythrose 4-phosphate were purchased from Carbosynth, cysteinylglycine from Bachem AG, and l -aspartic acid, citric acid monohydrate, l -glutamic acid, l -glutamine, glycine, l -leucine, dl -malic acid, l -methionine and l -valine from Merck. All other standard substances were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. A mix of 82 relevant intracellular metabolites was prepared from standard substances. Single standard solutions of each metabolite were obtained by exact weighing and dissolving the standard substance in a suitable solvent (0.1 M hydrochloric acid, 0.1 M sodium hydroxide or water). Equimolar mixtures of the 82 metabolites were used for initial method development. For the use as calibration standards, appropriate dilutions of equimolar stock mixes of the 82 metabolites were spiked with a defined volume of uniformly 13C-labeled yeast cell extract (prepared in-house42 (link)).
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