Rhod 2 acetoxymethyl ester rhod 2 am

5,5′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocy anine iodide (JC-1), tetramethylrhodamine, ethyl ester, rhod-2 acetoxymethyl ester (Rhod-2 AM), MitoT racker Green, MitoSOX Red, ATP determination kit, and reagents used in cell culture were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Antibodies against Nrf2, HO-1, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The a ntibody against the TATA binding protein (TBP) was obtained from Abcam Plc. (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Horseradish peroxide-conjugated immunoglobulin G antibody was purchased from Vector Laboratories (Burli ngame, MA, USA). The lactate dehydrogenase release (LDH) cytotoxicity detection kit was obtained from Takara Shuzo Co. (Shiga, Japan). All other reagents were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), unless indicated.

Shikonin was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The final concentration of DMSO did not exceed 0.02%. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bro mide (MTT), Hoechst 33342, propidium iodide (PI), and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 5,5′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbo cyanine chloride (JC-1), ER-Tracker Blue-White DPX and Rhod 2-acetoxymethyl ester (Rhod2-AM) were provided by Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). SP600125, SB203580, and U0126 were obtained from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). The other reagents and chemicals were all of analytical grade.