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6 protocols using cellic htec3

1

Enzymatic Saccharification of Rice Straw

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All the chemicals used in this study were procured from Sigma Aldrich and Merck, India.
13C gluconic acid (99 atom % 13C) were purchased from Omicron Biochemicals, USA, and LC/MS grade water was obtained from Biosolve Chimie, SARL, France. Commercial enzymes Cellulase from T. reesei ATCC 26921 (Celluclast 1.5L) and β-glucosidase (Novozymes 188) were procured from Sigma, Aldrich India. Cellic® Ctec2 and Cellic® HTec3 were a kind gift from Novozymes, Mumbai, India. Avicel® PH 101 and dilute acid-treated rice (Oryza sativa) straw were used as substrates for enzymatic saccharification studies. Rice (Oryza sativa) straw was procured from the local market at Mathura (27.28° N, 77.41° E) in Uttar Pradesh (North, India) air-dried, ground to the particle size of ~ 10 mm using a knife mill ,and stored in an air tight container for further use. All the experiments were conducted from the single stock of harvested rice straw.
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2

Biomass Pretreatment and Enzyme Utilization

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Hemp hurd and packaging materials were donated by Ecovative Design LLC (Green Island, NY, USA) for evaluation. Both materials were sundried for 24 h and knife-milled with a 2 mm screen (Thomas-Wiley model 4, Swedesboro, NJ, USA). For biomass pretreatment, cholinium lysinate [Ch][Lys] was obtained from Proionic (Grambach, Styria). Commercial cellulase (Cellic CTec3) and hemicellulase (Cellic HTec3) were provided by Novozymes (Franklinton, NC, USA). Sulfuric acid (72% and ACS reagent, >99%), glucose (>99.5%), xylose (>99%), and arabinose (>98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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3

Switchgrass Conversion Residue Bioethanol Production

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Switchgrass used to generate conversion residue was treated by ammonia fiber expansion and enzymatically treated with Cellic CTec3 and Cellic HTec3 (Novozymes) to digest cellulose and hemicellulose (to produce glucose and xylose, primarily) (38 (link)). Hydrolysate was fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y128, a strain with improved xylose utilization (39 (link)). Fermentation media were distilled to remove ethanol (4 (link)).
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4

Preparation of Authentic AFEX Corn Stover Hydrolysate

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Preparation for authentic AFEX Corn stover hydrolysate
Corn stover with glucan and xylan contents of 38.0% and 23.5%, respectively, was AFEX pretreated as previously described (Balan et al. 2009 ). AFEX pretreatment conditions applied were 1:1 ammonia to biomass ratio, 0.6 g water per g dry biomass, 140 °C and 30 min. AFEX pretreated corn stover has the same composition as the untreated one. AFEX pretreated corn stover was enzymatically hydrolyzed at 6.0 wt.% glucan loading in an Applikon Ez-Control 5L bioreactor with a total mixture of 4000 g. Enzymes used for hydrolysis included Cellic Ctec3 (Novozymes, Franklinton, NC): 12 mg protein/g glucan (0.022 ml Ctec3/g dry biomass) and Cellic Htec3 (Novozymes, Franklinton, NC): 9 mg protein/g glucan (0.021 ml Htec3/g dry biomass). The protein concentrations in Ctec3 (210.6 mg/ml) and Htec3 (164.6 mg/ml) were estimated by Dairyone (Ithaca, NY) using Kjeldahl method. Enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted at 50°C and pH 4.8 for 96 h. The hydrolysate was then centrifuged and unhydrolyzed solids were removed. The liquid hydrolysate was immediately sterile filtered after centrifugation and stored at 4 °C.
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5

Sorghum biomass pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis

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All materials were used as supplied unless otherwise noted. Water was deionized, with specific resistivity of 18 MΩ·cm at 25 °C, from Purelab Flex (ELGA, Woodridge, IL, USA). Choline hydroxide (45% in methanol), acetic acid (>99.7%), sodium hydroxide pellets (≥97%), methanol, sodium azide, and sulfuric acid (98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol (200 proof) was purchased from Decon Labs, Inc. (King of Prussia, PA, USA). sulfuric acid (72%) was procured from the RICCA chemical company (Arlington, TX, USA). J. T. Baker, Inc. (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) supplied hydrochloric acid and sodium citrate dihydrate, while citric acid monohydrate (≥99.99%) was obtained from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA).
Analytical standard grade glucose and xylose were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used for calibration.
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, donated by Idaho National Labs, Idaho Falls, ID, USA) was dried for 24 h in a 40 °C oven. Subsequently, it was knife-milled with a 2 mm screen (Thomas-Wiley Model 4, Swedesboro, NJ, USA). The resulting biomass was then placed in a leak-proof bag, and stored in a dry cool place (4 °C room during the period of use).
Commercial cellulase (Cellic® CTec3) and hemicellulase (Cellic® HTec3) mixtures were provided by Novozymes, North America (Franklinton, N, USAC).
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6

Sorghum Pretreatment and Enzyme Hydrolysis

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Sorghum was provided by Idaho National laboratory and ground using a Wiley mill through a 2mm screen and separated by a vibratory sieve system (Endecotts, Ponte Vedra, FL, USA). The commercial enzyme products Cellic® CTec3 and Cellic® HTec3 were gifts from Novozymes, North America (Franklinton, NC, USA). Cholinium aspartate was purchased from IoLiTec (Heilbronn, Germany).
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