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24 protocols using blocking buffer

1

Immunostaining of B13 Cells

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B13 cells were cultured as previously described in Section 2.4 and cultures were maintained under both standard and transdifferentiation conditions, for 4 or 14 days respectively. After this time, cells were immunostained as previously described [19] (link). Briefly, samples were washed in PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 20 min at room temperature. The cells were permeabilised with 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 in PBS for 20 min and blocked in 2% (v/v) blocking buffer (Roche) for 30 min before incubation with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C, followed by secondary antibodies, and subsequent staining with 2-(4-Amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride (DAPI) diluted 1:1000 in PBS.
Antibodies were diluted as follows: rabbit anti-amylase 1:100 (Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-glutamine synthetase (GS) 1:300 (BD Transduction Laboratories), rabbit anti-carbamoylphosphate synthetase-1 (CPS-1) 1:300 (a generous gift from Wouter Lamers) and rabbit anti-transferrin (TFN) 1:100 (Dako). Anti-mouse and anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated antibodies (Vector Laboratories), and anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 594 conjugated antibodies (Invitrogen) were used at a 1:500 dilution.
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2

Immunostaining of Cell Surface Glycans

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Cells fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and permeabilized at room temperature in 0.1% Triton X-100 for 30 minutes. After blocking with blocking buffer (Roche), the cells were incubated with primary antibody overnight at 4°C and with secondary antibody for 2 hours at room temperature. The primary antibodies were used at the following dilutions: anti-ST6Gal1 (ST6Gal1-M2, IBL, 1:50), SNA (Vector Laboratories, 1:100), MALII (Vector Laboratories, 1:100), and ABCG2 (R&D, 1:50). Cells were counter-stained with Hoechst dye (Sigma-Aldrich) to visualize the cell nuclei. Immunostaining images were obtained using a fluorescence microscope (Leica Microsystems Inc).
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3

Protein Extraction and Detection Protocol

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Cells were lysed in RIPA buffer, then denatured for 5 min with sample buffer. Proteins were resolved on 10% NU-PAGE Tris gels (Invitrogen). Proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes using an iBlot (Invitrogen) and protein loading was assessed by Ponceau red staining. Blots were then blocked with blocking buffer (Roche) and probed using standard procedures. Immunoreactivity was detected by HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Sigma) and ECL kit (Promega).
For soluble and insoluble fractionation, cells were lysed in RIPA buffer and the pellet was precleared by centrifugation at 1000 g. The supernatant was centrifuged at 25 000 g. The supernatant was used for the soluble fraction and the pellet was dissolved in urea buffer for insoluble fraction. For immunoprecipitation assays, cells were grown in 10 cm diameter culture dishes until 70% confluence. The cells were stressed under A-S-R. Cells were then washed with cold PBS and lysed with IP lysis buffer. Protein A or G magnetic beads (NEB) were used for TDP-43 and HA immunoprecipitation and unconjugated magnetic bead were used for control.
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4

Immunofluorescence Staining of MHC Proteins

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Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min at room temperature. Cells were incubated in 0.1% Triton X-100 for 15 min at room temperature for permeabilization. Cells were then incubated with blocking buffer (Roche) in a 0.1% Triton X-100 for 1 h at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation at 4°C with the primary antibody against MHC. Cells were then incubated with the secondary antibody (Santa Cruz). Cellular nuclei were stained with DAPI solution (Invitrogen), and images were captured with a Leica DM IL LED microscope with a Leica DFC 450C.
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5

Dorsal Root Ganglion and Spinal Cord Analysis

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Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cords were harvested from injured mAtf3pro/RmGFP reporter mice perfused with ice-cold PBS followed by cold 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). In addition, sciatic nerves were harvested distal to the crush in treated mAtf3pro/RmGFP reporter mice perfused with cold 4% PFA. Perfused tissues were post-fixed for 3 hr at 4°C, and cryoprotected with 30% sucrose in PBS overnight. DRG sections (10 μm), spinal cord sections (20 μm) and sciatic nerve sections (60 μm) collected, blocked and permeabilized with 1% Triton X-100 in blocking buffer (Roche Diagnostics) for 1 hr at RT. Sections were incubated with rabbit polyclonal antibody against ATF3 (Santa Cruz Biotech; sc-188; 1:1000), TRPV1 (Alomone; ACC-030; 1:1000), SCG10 (Novus; NBP1-49461; 1:2000), 53BP1 (Novus; NB100-304; 1:2000), chicken polyclonal antibody against NF200 (Millipore, AB5539; 1:2000), rat polyclonal antibody against Laminin-γ (Millipore; MAB-1914P; 1:1000), DyLignt_594 conjugated Isolectin B4 (VectorLab; DL-1207; 1: 200), or mouse monoclonal antibody against phospho-Histone H2A.X (Ser139)(γ-H2AX; gamma-H2AX) (Millipore; 05-636; 1:400) at 4°C overnight and then incubated with Alexa Fluor 568 goat antibody against rabbit IgG, chicken IgG or rat IgG for 1 hr at RT. Images were acquired using a Nikon Eclipse 80I Microscope.
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6

Western Blot Analysis of Type VII Collagen

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RTM28-transduced RDEB keratinocytes were grown to confluence in conditioned medium. The medium was changed containing 50 μg ml−1 ascorbic acid, and the cultures were maintained for an additional 48 h. Cells were harvested and lysed in 50–100 μl RIPA lysis buffer (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA). After 20 min of centrifugation at 4 °C, 10–20 μg protein samples were mixed with 4x sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis sample buffer (0.25 m Tris-HCl; 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate; 40% glycerol; 0.008% bromphenol blue; 2.86 m β-mercaptoethanol; pH 6.8), denatured for 5 min at 95 °C and loaded onto a Bolt 8% Bis-Tris Plus Gel (Novex, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Western blot analysis was performed as described previously.23 (link), 40 (link) For detection of type VII collagen, the primary antibody rabbit anti-type VII collagen (kindly provided by Dr Alexander Nyström) was added to the blocking solution at a dilution of 1:3000 and incubated overnight at 4 °C, followed by incubation with the secondary antibody, anti-rabbit horse radish peroxidase (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) 1:1000 in blocking buffer (Roche) for 1 h at room temperature.
For the detection of FLAG-tagged fusion proteins, blots were incubated with the anti-FLAG M2mAb (Sigma-Aldrich) diluted at 1:1000 in blocking buffer (Roche).
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7

Dorsal Root Ganglion and Spinal Cord Analysis

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Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cords were harvested from injured mAtf3pro/RmGFP reporter mice perfused with ice-cold PBS followed by cold 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). In addition, sciatic nerves were harvested distal to the crush in treated mAtf3pro/RmGFP reporter mice perfused with cold 4% PFA. Perfused tissues were post-fixed for 3 hr at 4°C, and cryoprotected with 30% sucrose in PBS overnight. DRG sections (10 μm), spinal cord sections (20 μm) and sciatic nerve sections (60 μm) collected, blocked and permeabilized with 1% Triton X-100 in blocking buffer (Roche Diagnostics) for 1 hr at RT. Sections were incubated with rabbit polyclonal antibody against ATF3 (Santa Cruz Biotech; sc-188; 1:1000), TRPV1 (Alomone; ACC-030; 1:1000), SCG10 (Novus; NBP1-49461; 1:2000), 53BP1 (Novus; NB100-304; 1:2000), chicken polyclonal antibody against NF200 (Millipore, AB5539; 1:2000), rat polyclonal antibody against Laminin-γ (Millipore; MAB-1914P; 1:1000), DyLignt_594 conjugated Isolectin B4 (VectorLab; DL-1207; 1: 200), or mouse monoclonal antibody against phospho-Histone H2A.X (Ser139)(γ-H2AX; gamma-H2AX) (Millipore; 05-636; 1:400) at 4°C overnight and then incubated with Alexa Fluor 568 goat antibody against rabbit IgG, chicken IgG or rat IgG for 1 hr at RT. Images were acquired using a Nikon Eclipse 80I Microscope.
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8

Screening Recombinant Proteins for Antibody Binding

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Costar high-binding immunoplates (96 wells) were incubated overnight with 50 µL of the recombinant C0C2 domain of human cMyC, the relevant peptides or a 28mer peptide of the C5 domain specific for human cMyC in (2 µg/mL TBS, pH 7.4) per well at RT. After blocking non-specific binding sites with blocking buffer (Roche) for 2 h, wells were washed three times with NaCl (0.154 M) containing Tween 20 (0.05 %). Hybridoma supernatants (50 µL) were then added to each well for 2 h. After extensive washing with NaCl-Tween, bound antibodies were detected by incubating the plates with a goat anti-mouse IgG, Fc-specific and conjugated to HRP, (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany) at a dilution of 1:10,000. Plates were read 10–15 min after adding the HRP substrate ABTS (Roche).
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9

Immunohistochemistry of Frozen Brain Sections

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Cryosections of mouse or zebrafish brains on slides were pre-warmed at RT in TBS solution and then washed three times in fresh TBS to remove all O.C.T., leaving behind the sections on the slides. Staining was performed as follows: sections were incubated 30 min in 1X Tris Glycine, then 1 hr in 0.1% Triton X-100 and finally 1 hr in blocker (1% Roche Blocking Buffer, 5% Sheep Serum in TBS-T). Samples were incubated overnight at 4°C in blocker with primary antibody (GFP 1:2000 and CD206 at 1:1000). Samples then were washed in TBS-T, four or more times as needed and incubated in blocker with secondary antibody for up to 2 hr at room temperature and washed in TBS-T at least four times.
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10

TUNEL Assay for Apoptotic Cell Detection

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Nuclei exhibiting apoptotic changes were identified by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay using the in situ cell death detection kit, TMRred (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Briefly, the sections were rehydrated in PBS with 0.1% Tween 20 and then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 20 min. After several washes with T-PBS, the sections were fixed in 0.1% (w/v) sodium citrate (0.1% C5H3O7Na3·2H2O and 0.1% Triton X-100) at room temperature for 2 min. After washing, the sections were immunoreacted with anti-laminin antibody (1:500, Dako Japan, Tokyo, Japan) diluted in 1% (w/v) blocking reagent (Roche) in maleic acid buffer (0.1 mol/L maleic acid and 0.15 mol/L NaCl, pH 7.5) at room temperature for 1 h. After several washes in T-PBS, a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (1:250, Sigma) in Blocking buffer (Roche) was applied for 1 h at room temperature. After several washes in T-PBS, the TUNEL reaction mix diluted in TUNEL Dilution Buffer (Roche) was applied and incubated at 37°C for 60 min in the dark. After several washes in T-PBS, the sections were cover slipped using Vectashield mounting medium with 4′, 6-diamidino-2- phenylindole (Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA).
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