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38 protocols using sevencompact s220

1

Measuring pH of Food Samples

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The pH value of filtrates was measured by mixing 10 g of a minced sample with 50 mL of deionised water for 1 min using a homogeniser (Bamix 200, Greifensee, Switzerland). The pH was measured using a digital pH meter (Seven Compact S220, Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) equipped with a pH electrode (Seven Compact S220, InLab Cool, Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland). The pH readings were recorded exactly 4 min after the insertion of the electrode into the sample. The pH meter was standardised with buffer solutions at pH 2.0, 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0.
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2

pH Measurement of Minced Samples

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The pH value was measured in a filtrate by mixing 10 g of a minced sample with 50 mL of de-ionized water for 1 min, using a homogenizer (Bamix 200, Greifensee, Schweiz). The pH was measured with a digital pH meter (Mettler-Toledo, Seven Compact S220, Greifensee, Schweiz) equipped with a pH electrode (InLab Cool, Mettler-Toledo, Seven Compact S220, Greifensee, Schweiz). The pH readings were recorded at exactly 4 min after the insertion of the electrode into the sample. The pH meter was standardized with buffer solutions at pH 2.0, 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0.
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3

SCFA Quantification in Fecal Samples

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To prepare the standard mixed SCFA stock solution, acetic (1.00 g), propionic (0.10 g), isobutyric (0.05 g), butyric (0.05 g), 2-methylbutyric (0.01 g), isovaleric (0.01 g), valeric (0.05 g), and hexanoic acids (0.01 g) were dissolved in 100 mL water using a volumetric flask. An internal standard (IS) mixed solution of acetic-1-13C(C2) (12.21 mg/L), propionic-d2(C3) (2.28 mg/L), butryric-1-13C(C4) (1.35 mg/L), valeric-1-13C(C5) (0.10 mg/L), and hexanoic acid-d11(C6) (0.13 mg/L) was prepared. All stock solutions were stored in safe conditions at 4 °C and diluted with the salt-buffer solution before use.
Salting out was performed using NaCl and NaH2PO4 prepared at a 1.5 g/5 mL concentration, and the pH was adjusted to 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 using sulfuric acid and measured using a pH meter (Seven Compact S220, Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland). For the fecal matrix effect, homogenized fecal samples (300 mg) were analyzed in 20 mL glass SPME vials (Gerstel, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany) containing the salt-buffer solution (5 mL). Approximately 100 mg of frozen fecal samples from different collection times was transferred into SPME vials, 5 mL of aqueous NaH2PO4 solution (pH 2.0) was added, and 10 µL of IS mix solution was added and immediately mixed.
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4

Measuring pH and Titratable Acidity in Fruit Pulp

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The pH of the pulp was measured using a digital pH meter (SevenCompact S220, Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) at room temperature (25 °C). The measurements were taken in triplicates. Titratable acidity was determined according to the AOAC Official Method 942.15 (AOAC, 2000 ). Five grams of the fruit pulp was mixed with 25 ml of distilled water, blended in a kitchen blender for 2 min to obtain a homogeneous mixture and titrated against 0.1N NaOH using phenolphthalein as indicator. The analyses were performed in triplicates and the titratable acidity was reported as milligrams of acetic acid per 100 ml of sample (Nam et al., 2018 (link)). Titratableacidity=NaOHnormality×Titrevalue×Aceticacideq.weight×100Sampleweight×1000
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5

Comprehensive Analysis of Well Water Composition

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All chemicals used were analytical grade, and double-distilled water used throughout the work. Standard methods were used to determination the concentration of chemical elements in well water [22 ]. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (graphite furnace) was used to determine Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Co (λ, nm: Cu – 324.8, Zn – 213.9, Fe – 248.3, Mn – 279.5, Mo – 313.3, Co – 240.7). Studies were performed on AAS vario® 6 (Analytik Jena AG, Germany). As a chemical modifier used Pd(NO3)2 ("Suprapur®", Merck, Germany). Determination of Ca and Mg content was carried out by flame photometry (λ: Ca – 423 nm, Mg – 385 nm, FPA-2-01, LLC Labtime, Russia). The total iodine content was determined by inverse voltammetry (complex Ecotest-VA-iodine, Russia). The determination of F and Br was carried out by potentiometric method (SevenCompact S220, Mettler Toledo, USA), Se – by fluorimetry method (λabs = 378 nm, λem = 520 nm, Hitachi F-7000, Hitachi Ltd., Japan). The P and As contents were determined by spectrophotometric method (Shimadzu UV-2600, Shimadzu Co., Japan).
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6

Titrimetric Determination of Wine Acidity

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The pH level was measured using a pH meter (Seven Compact S220, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, OH, USA). Titratable acidity was determined via a previously described titration method (AOAC method 947.05) [22 ]. Boiled and chilled distilled water (DW, 200 mL) was placed into a beaker and titrated to pH 8.2 by adding 0.1 N NaOH solution. The wine (5 mL) was then added and titrated again to pH 8.2, and the volume of 0.1 N NaOH solution (mL) used was recorded. Titratable acidity was calculated using Equation (1) and represented as tartaric acid (g/L).
Titratable acidity (g/L)=V ×N ×f ×MWine (mL)×1000
where V = the volume of 0.1 N NaOH used for titration (mL); N = the normality of NaOH solution; f = the factor of 0.1 N NaOH; M = the milliequivalent factor of tartaric acid (0.075).
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7

Optical and Physicochemical Characterization of Honey

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The optical density of honey samples at 50% (w/v) was measured at 450, 635, and 720 nm using a UV/Vis spectrophotometer (UV-1600PC; VWR International, Radnor, PA, USA) with sterile water as a blank. Colour intensity was calculated using the equation (A720A450)×1000 and expressed in milli-absorbance units (mAU). Pfund value was calculated using the equation 38.70+371.39(A635) and expressed in mm. For pH measurements, 1 g of honey was diluted in 7.5 mL of sterile water and pH was determined using a pH meter (Seven Compact S220; Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland). Brix value and moisture content were measured at 20 °C using a refractometer (HI96801; Hanna Instruments, Smithfield, RI, USA) according to the AOAC Official Method 969.38 (AOAC, 2023 ). Water activity (aw) was assessed using a water activity analyser (PRE; Aqualab Scientific, Pullman, WA, USA) at 25 °C with a correction of ±0.005 aw made per 0.1 °C deviation (Stoloff, 1978 (link)). Raw data is presented in Table S1.
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8

Measuring Reaction Medium pH

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The pH values of a reaction suspensions’ medium were determined using a laboratory pH-meter Toledo SevenCompact S220 (Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Greifensee, Switzerland) equipped with an InLab Expert Pro-ISM electrode.
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9

Sanitizing Cucurbits with Novel Wash Treatments

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Three wash treatments were used in this study: a sterile tap water control, 100-ppm total chlorine NaOCl solution, and PAW. An untreated control, where cucurbits did not receive any washing, was also included. All treatments were made using autoclaved tap water cooled to 4°C in a final volume of 200 mL. The chemical analysis of the Sydney tap water used in this study has been published previously (30 (link)). Concentrated NaOCl (Sigma-Aldrich) was diluted to 100 ppm (±1 ppm) total chlorine using a Kemio test kit with test sensors suitable for high-range chlorine concentrations (Palintest, Tyne & Wear, United Kingdom). The pH was adjusted to 6.5 ± 0.1 (SevenCompact S220; Mettler-Toledo) using 10% lactic acid. The PAW system configuration is illustrated in Fig. 1. PAW was generated with a DBDD probe (PlasmaLeap Technologies), and power was supplied from a Leap100 micropulse generator (PlasmaLeap Technologies). The power supply settings used were based on the findings of our previous study (30 (link)). These settings included a frequency of 1,500 Hz, a voltage of 120 V, a duty cycle of 100 microseconds, and a resonance frequency of 60 kHz. Compressed air at a flow rate of 1 standard L per min (SLM) was used as the processing gas.
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10

Preparation of Aqueous pH Solutions

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In this study, typical pH solutions of pH 2 (0.5 × 10−2 M H2SO4 solution), pH 10 (1 × 10−4 M NaOH solution), pH 11 (1 × 10−3 M NaOH solution), pH 12 (1 × 10−2 M NaOH solution), and pH 12.2 (1.6 × 10−2 M NaOH solution) were prepared by adding either acidic or alkaline (i.e., H2SO4 or NaOH) solution dropwise into a bottle of deionized water until the pH of the solution was adjusted to the required value. A pH probe (Mettler Toledo, SevenCompact S220) was placed in the bottle to read the pH value. The bottle was placed on a magnetic stirrer (WIGGENS hotplate stirrer WH220 plus, Germany) and stirred continuously during the process of adding the acid or alkaline solution dropwise. Once the measurement of the pH stabilized, the bottle was capped and sealed using a parafilm before use.
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