Recombinant mouse tnf

As explicitly described in Results, LPS, TNF, and other compounds were administered to mice by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection as follows. For high-dose LPS, mice were injected intravenously with LPS (Escherichia coli O111:B4; Sigma-Aldrich; 10 mg/kg of body weight in 100 μl of saline for 6 or 16 h). For TNF injection, mice were injected intravenously with TNF (recombinant mouse TNF; BioLegend; 6 μg in 100 μl of saline per mouse for 6 h). For low-dose LPS plus d-galactosamine (d-GalNAc), mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS (0.5 mg/kg of body weight in 100 μl of saline for 20 h) plus d-GalNAc (Sigma-Aldrich; 1 g/kg of body weight in 100 μl of saline for 20 h). For suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), mice were injected intraperitoneally with SAHA (Sigma-Aldrich; 50 mg/kg of body weight in 100 μl of dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO] for 20 h).

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA). Fetal bovine serum and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). SQ 22536 was purchased from R & D Systems, Inc (Minneapolis, MN). Lipopolysaccharides (Escherichia coli 055:B5) and forskolin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Anti-Iba-1 antibody was purchased from Wako (Richmond, VA, USA). Recombinant mouse TNF was purchased from BioLegend (San Diego, CA). LTB4 and mouse recombinant CCL2 were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI) and BioLegend. GPR110 N-terminal blocking antibody was purchased from Abmart (Shanghai, China). ROS permeable indicator, Carboxy-H2DCFDA, was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA).