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6 protocols using 5 hydroxymethylfurfural hmf

1

Oleaginous Yeast Strain Isolation and Characterization

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Glucose, xylose, arabinose, sucrose, lactose, and glycerol were supplied from Bio Basic Canada Inc. Furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl Furfural (HMF), and 3,5-dinitrosalycilic acid were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Agroindustrial by-products (wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse) were kindly provided by a local food processing industry (White-rose group, Sfax, Tunisia). Almond shell, date palm leaves, and Posidonia oceanica balls were collected locally. All lignocellulosic residues are conserved at 4°C until use.
The new oleaginous yeast strain Y-MG1, isolated from rotten fruit, was identified in our previous work based on its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence [21 (link)]. Y-MG1 strain was identified as being Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and was submitted in the National Strains Collection of Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, CBS, Tunisia, under the accession number CTM-30138. The ITS sequence of Y-MG1 was also submitted to GenBank under the accession number ID: KX347596.1. This strain was stored at −80°C in sterilized glycerol-enriched solution containing 2% (w/v) Glucose, 1% (w/v) yeast extract, 1% (w/v) bacto-peptone, and 20% (w/w) glycerol.
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2

Comparative Analysis of Rapeseed Varieties

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Currently, double-low (low erucic acid and low GSLs) rapeseed comprises approximately 90% of the commercial rapeseed industry and is generated through selective breeding and the use of high-quality rapeseed varieties (Xiao et al., 2022 (link)). However, China, a major rapeseed producer, still has a significant proportion of rapeseed plants with high levels of erucic acid and GSLs (Zhang et al., 2022 (link)). Consequently, this study utilized two types of high-generation inbred lines of seeds as experimental materials. One variety, sample 1 (LELG), exhibited low erucic acid (5.06%) and low GSLs (11.33 μmol/g), while sample 2 (HEHG) displayed high erucic acid (44.55%) and high GSLs (192.12 μmol/g). The seeds were sourced from the Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi Province, China.
For the analysis, 2-octanol (purity >99%) and n-alkanes (C7–C30) of chromatographic grade were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Sucrose, glucose, fructose, raffinose, stachyose, galactose, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) standards (purity >98%) were also obtained from Sigma–Aldrich. The free amino acid mixed standard was obtained from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA).
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3

Quantification of food contaminants

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The standards of analytes, acrylamide (AA) (CAS, 79–06-1; 99% purity), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (CAS, 67–47-0; 99% purity) and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HDMF, furaneol) (CAS, 3658–77-3; 98% purity), were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck, Saint Louis, USA). The internal standard of acrylamide-13C (AA IS) (CAS, 287399–26-2, 98% purity) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, Canada). LC–MS grade purity methanol (MeOH) was obtained from Supelco Inc. (USA). The ultra-pure water was obtained using the HLP5 system from Hydrolab (Wiślana, Poland). Sodium chloride (CAS, 7647–14-5) and formic acid (CAS, 64–18-6) were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials Poland (Gliwice, Poland). Thymol (CAS, 89–83-8) and eugenol (CAS, 97–53-0) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck, Saint Louis, USA).
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4

Lignocellulosic Biomass Characterization

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Ferulic acid, vanilic acid, vanilin, ρ-coumaric acid, syrangaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HBA), Furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), tannin and tetracycline, ampicillin, erythromycin were purchased from Sigma Chemicals. Yeast extract and peptone were obtained from Oxoid Ltd (Thermo Fisher Biochemical, Beijing, China). Other chemicals and laboratory media of analytical grade were purchased from Sangon Biological Engineering Technology and Services Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China).
The corn fiber (passed through 30–40 mesh screens) was purchased from Shandong Yanggu Shengda corn cob granule Co. Ltd (Shandong, China). The bagasse fiber was donated from Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute (Guangdong, China).
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5

Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Tropical Biomass

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Nano-Fe3O4 (≥99.5%, 20 nm) was purchased from Aladdin Factory Co., Ltd. (Shanghai). H2SO4 (≥98.0%) and microcrystalline cellulose (powder) were purchased from Xilong Chemical Factory Co., Ltd. (Shantou, Guangdong). Standard agents glucose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, levulinic acid, 5- hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural (purity >99%) were from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai). Cellulose was ball-milled with ZrO2 balls (SHQM-0.4L, Chunlong Petroleum Instrument Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu) for 24 h before use. Bagasse was purchased from Dehong (Yunnan). Jatropha hulls were purchased from Yunnan Shenyu New Energy Co., Ltd. (Chuxiong, Yunnan). Plukenetia hulls were collected from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (Mengla, Yunnan). The raw materials were grounded in a pulverizer (9FC-15, Xudong machinery manufacturing Co., Ltd., Leshan, Sichuan) and dried at 45 °C until constant weight. All tropical biomass samples were sieved through 80 mesh for pretreatment and hydrolysis. Bagasse, Jatropha and Plukenetia hulls were also ball-milled for 24 h, water-extracted for 24 h, as well as water- and ethanol-extracted for 48 h at their boiling points in a Soxhlet extractor for hydrolysis.
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6

Analytical Determination of Lycopene and HMF

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Standard lycopene and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (United States). Ethanol and acetonitrile of HPLC grade were purchased from Fluka Chemical Co. (Germany). Pyrogallic acid, potassium ferrocyanide, zinc sulphate, and other reagents were of analytical grade.
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