The brake dust particles provided by the Chair of Ceramic Materials Engineering of the University of Bayreuth are derived from LowMet brake pads (provided by TMD Friction Holdings GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany) that were milled for 3 min in a vibrating cup mill with a tungsten carbide grinding set (Pulverisette 9, Fritsch GmbH, Idar‐Oberstein, Germany). LowMet brake pads are common and representative of passenger cars in Europe and consist of nonferrous metals (25% (w/w)), steel wool (15% (w/w)), petrol coke (12% (w/w)), sulfides (10% (w/w)), aluminum oxide (5% (w/w)), resin (5% (w/w)), graphite (4% (w/w)), mica (4% (w/w)), silicon carbide (3% (w/w)), barite (2% (w/w)), fibers (2% (w/w)), and rubber (1% (w/w)) (Wiaterek, 2012 ). The particle size distribution of the milled, fine‐grained powder was measured with a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (PSA 1190 LD, Anton Paar GmbH, Ostfildern‐Scharnhausen, Germany). The mean particle size found was 10.19 ± 4.37 μm (D10 = 0.68 μm (10% of all particles being smaller in diameter than this size), D50 = 5.76 μm (median particle size), D90 = 25.87 μm (90% of particles being smaller in diameter than this size)).
Pulverisette 9
Manufactured by Fritsch
Sourced in Germany
The Pulverisette 9 is a laboratory equipment designed for fine grinding and homogenization of solid samples. It utilizes a high-energy impact and friction principle to reduce the particle size of materials. The Pulverisette 9 is suitable for a wide range of applications that require sample preparation for further analysis or processing.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
7 protocols using pulverisette 9
1
Characterization of Brake Dust Particles
2
Standardized Poultry Digestive Tract Sampling
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
To standardize feed intake and filling of the birds’ crops, feeders were removed from the pens 2 h before slaughter and replaced 1 h before slaughter. Birds were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and weighed individually. Digesta from the following sections of digestive tract was collected: crop, proventriculus and gizzard together (pro+giz ), duodenum and jejunum together (duo+jej ), the terminal part of the ileum (last two-thirds of the section between Meckel's diverticulum and 2 cm prior the ileo-ceco-colonic junction), and both ceca. Digestive tract segments of all animals in a single pen were collected and pooled. Prior to collection, the crop was clamped with an arterial clamp to prevent emptying. The crop and pro+giz were then opened and upended, and the digesta was gently removed using a spatula without scraping the mucosa. Digesta from intestinal sections was rinsed with cold double-distilled water. All samples were immediately frozen at −80°C and later freeze-dried. Samples were pulverized by a vibrating cup mill (PULVERISETTE 9, Fritsch GmbH, Idar-Oberstein, Germany). Pulverized samples were stored in airtight containers at below 6°C until analysis.
3
Brake Dust Particle Characterization
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Brake dust particles were provided by the Department of Ceramic Materials Engineering of the University of Bayreuth. Tribologically tested LowMet brake pads (provided by TMD company) were ground, after several braking cycles on a ceramic brake disc, that means after a dissipation of a total friction energy of about 15 MJ and temperatures up to 400°C. In order to reach the required fine-grained powder, 3 min in total, a vibrating cup mill with tungsten carbide grinding set up (pulverisette 9, Fritsch GmbH, Idar-Oberstein, Germany) was applied. A breakdown of the composition of such brake pads can be found in Breuer and Bill (66 (link)). The biggest fractions consist of steel wool [15% (w/w)], petrol coke [12% (w/w)], sulfides [10% (w/w)] as well as aluminum oxide and binder [both 5% (w/w)] (66 (link)). The particle sizes of the ground brake pads were measured using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (PSA 1190 LD, Anton Paar GmbH, Ostfildern-Scharnhausen, Germany). The average particle size found was 10.19 ± 4.37 μm (D10 = 0.68 μm, D50 = 5.76 μm, D90 = 25.87 μm).
4
Graphene Foam Electrode for CuxS Synthesis
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
GF (SIGRACELL GFD
4,65 EA) used as an electrode material was purchased from “SGL
Carbon GmbH” (Germany). GF microtweets were milled using a
“Fritsch Pulverisette 9” planetary-vibrational ball
miller with 10 Hz vibrational frequency for 60 s. Milled GF was used
in the pressure vessel with various materials for CuxS synthesis and its better insertion onto GF.
4,65 EA) used as an electrode material was purchased from “SGL
Carbon GmbH” (Germany). GF microtweets were milled using a
“Fritsch Pulverisette 9” planetary-vibrational ball
miller with 10 Hz vibrational frequency for 60 s. Milled GF was used
in the pressure vessel with various materials for CuxS synthesis and its better insertion onto GF.
5
Soil pH and Mineralogy Determination
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
We measured soil pH H2O with a MetrohmTM pH-meter, using 10 g of 2 mm sieved soil mixed with 25 mL of deionized water and agitated for 16 h [22 (link)]. Litter was crushed and powdered (5–10 µm) using a Pulverisette 9 (Fritsch, Welden, Germany). Then we determined its mineralogical content using an ARL Xtra diffractometer (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA). We analyzed the diffractograms using the MacDiff software and converted peak intensities of major minerals into relative abundances [33 ].
6
Phytase Supplementation for Phosphorus and Calcium Optimization
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
The ingredient and nutrient composition of the experimental diets are shown in Table 2 . PCa+ is a corn–soy diet that contained adequate levels of all nutrients according to the GfE (1999) . Titanium dioxide at a concentration of 5 g/kg was included in the diets as an indigestible marker. The PCa– diet had reduced P and Ca levels (–1.5 g P/kg and –1.6 g Ca/kg) according to the recommendations of the supplier (AB Vista, Marlborough, UK) of the phytase (modified Escherichia coli–derived 6-phytase, Quantum Blue). The PCa-Phy1500 and PCa-Phy3000 diets were supplemented with 1,500 and 3,000 FTU/kg phytase, respectively. The experimental diets were produced by first mixing all ingredients, with the exception of variable ingredients. This mix was divided into 4 parts. Each part was then supplemented with an individual mixture of monocalcium phosphate, limestone, sand, and phytase. The diets were remixed and pelleted using a 3-mm pelleting matrix without using steam conditioning. The pelleting temperature stayed lower than 65°C, which was confirmed by the temperature measurement of the pellets immediately after release from the press. Representative samples were taken from every feed bag of each diet using a sampler and then pulverized using a vibrating cup mill (PULVERISETTE 9, Fritsch GmbH, Idar-Oberstein, Germany).
7
Recycling of Phone PCBs
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Experimental studies were carried out with 10 kg of mobile phone PCBs supplied by a WEEE recycling plant that had previously removed all the electronic components like capacitors, cables, resistors, etc. The sample was firstly crushed by a Retsch SM 2000 cutting (Haan, Germany) mill up to −4 mm after various steps of comminution, reducing the size of the output grid after each step. This product was further ground with a Fritsch pulverisette 9 vibratory steel ring mill for 10 min. The resulting powder was sieved with a 0.5 mm screen and the +0.5 mm and −0.5 mm fractions were obtained. The +0.5 mm fraction was analysed with X-ray fluorescence by using a Bruker-Tracer IV SD (Billerica, MA, USA). The −0.5 mm fraction was subjected to an automatic sampling with PT 100—Retsch to obtain representative samples for chemical analyses and leaching tests. Chemical analyses of this fraction were carried out on six 1 g portions of the powder that were dissolved with 1:3 nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (aqua regia) at 90 °C for 3 h. The cooled digestion solution was filtered to remove plastics and ceramics and analysed for the main constituents and precious metals by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).
About PubCompare
Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.
We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.
However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.
Ready to get started?
Sign up for free.
Registration takes 20 seconds.
Available from any computer
No download required
Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!