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5 protocols using l ascorbic acid 2 phosphate

1

Directed Differentiation of hiPSC to Hepatocytes

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Subsequently, hiPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells were further treated with 10 μM Dexamethasone (047–18863: FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan), 10 μM Forskolin (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan), 10 μg/mL human recombinant Insulin (093–06471: FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan), 200 μg/mL L-Ascorbic Acid 2-phosphate (magnesium salt) (16457: Cayman Chemical, Arbor, MI), and 2 μM RO4929097 (CS-0480: ChemScene LLC, Monmouth Junction, NJ) or 10 μM DAPT (043–33581: FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan) in CDM5 base medium (CDM4 basal medium, supplemented with 10% KSR (10828028: ThermoFisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan) and without the additional amino acid-rich mixture) for 6 days (day 13 to 18).
In Figure S31, differentiation into hepatocytes was performed according to the differentiation induction protocol described by Nakamura et al.
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2

Osteogenic Differentiation of hPDLCs by CeO2 NPs

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Osteogenic differentiation testing was employed for the 5 g CeO2 NPs. The sample was sterilized for 30 min under UV light at two different concentrations (C1 = 0.125 mg and C2 = 0.5 mg) and then seeded with the hPDLCs. Cells with number of 4 × 104 were seeded onto 12-well plates 24 h before the experiment. Osteogenic medium (OM) was used for the differentiation of hPDLCs, which contained complete culture medium-CCM (α-minimum essential media (α-MEM) (PAN BIOTECHGmbH, Aidenbach, Germany); 10% FBS (BIOWEST, Nuaillé, France); and antibiotics) enhanced with 0.01 µM dexamethasone (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA); 50 µg/mL L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (Cayman Chemical Company, MI, USA); and 10 mM sodium β–glycerophosphate (Cayman Chemical Company, MI, USA) [34 (link)]. The experiment was performed with the following groups: (1) cells seeded with NPs in OM, (2) cells seeded with NPs in conventional medium (3) as a positive control, cells seeded without NPs in OM, and (4) cells without NPs in CCM as a negative control. The experiment was executed at two time points (14 and 21 days), with the OM and CCM being changed every 2 days. The impact of CeO2 NPs on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs was evaluated through alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red staining (ARS).
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3

Liver Bud Progenitor Differentiation

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To further differentiate PFG to liver bud progenitors, one of two related types of differentiation conditions were used on days 9–12 of differentiation using 10 ng/mL Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (truncated) (BMP-4) (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan), 10 ng/mL Recombinant Human Oncostatin M (OSM) Protein (295-OM-010: R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), 10 μM Dexamethasone (047–18863: FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan), 2 μM RO4929097 (CS-0480: ChemScene LLC, Monmouth Junction, NJ) or 10 μM DAPT (043–33581: FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan), 10 μM Forskolin (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan), 10 μg/mL human recombinant Insulin (093–06471: FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan), 200 μg/mL L-Ascorbic Acid 2-phosphate (magnesium salt) (16457: Cayman Chemical, Arbor, MI) in CDM4 medium.
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4

Chondrogenic Differentiation of Synovial MSCs

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In a 15 mL polypropylene tube, 2.5 × 105 synovial MSCs were suspended in 1 mL of chondrogenic media consisting of DMEM high glucose (Thermo Fisher Scientific), including 10 ng/mL TGF-β3 (R&D Systems Inc.), 3.92 μg/mL dexamethasone (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp., Osaka, Japan), 50 μg/mL L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), 40 μg/mL L-proline (MP Biomedicals, Irvine, CA, USA), 1 μg/mL sodium pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 1% ITS-X supplement (× 100) (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp.), and 0.5 μg/mL BMP-2 (R&D Systems Inc.). The cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 450 g for 10 min. The pellets were cultured for 3 weeks, with the media changed every 3–4 days12 (link),19 (link),29 (link). For histological analysis, the pellets were embedded in paraffin, cut into 5 μm thick sections, stained with safranin-O and toluidine blue, and immunostained for type II collagen using the purified Anti-hCL(II) IgG antibody (KYOWA PHARMA CHEMICAL CO., LTD., Toyama, Japan)15 (link),38 (link).
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5

Osteogenic Induction of hBMSCs by Exosomes

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The hBMSCs were incubated in DMEM containing 20% FBS, 2 mM b‐glycerophosphate (G‐6251, Sigma‐Aldrich), 10 nM dexamethasone (D4902, Sigma‐Aldrich), 100 mM L‐ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate (16457, Cayman), 2 mM L‐glutamine (G3126, Sigma‐Aldrich), 55 mM 2‐mercaptoethanol (M3148, Sigma‐Aldrich), and 100 mg/ml streptomycin/100 U/ml penicillin for osteogenic induction. Following incubation, the hBMSCs were treated with 50 μg/ml exosomes. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red (ARS) staining were performed for osteogenesis analysis.
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