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4 protocols using rho kinase inhibitor y27632

1

Differentiation of hiPSCs into Pancreatic Islets

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The information on hiPSC and human islets was displayed in Supplementary Tables S1, S2. Human primary islets were maintained in CMRL 1066 (Corning, 15-110-CV) supplemented with 5% human AB serum (PAN-Niotech GmbH), L-Glutamine, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, 10 mM HEPES (all from Gibco) on ultra-low attachment plates (Corning, CLS3261). The hiPSCs were cultured in E8 Medium (Gibco, A1517001), and confirmed to be mycoplasma-free. The differentiation was done using the seven stages protocol [3 (link)] with modification [12 (link)]. On day 1 of the suspension culture, Rho Kinase inhibitor Y27632 (StemCell Technologies, 72304) was added to prevent cell death (Supplementary Table S3).
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2

Establishment of Colonic Epithelial Cell Cultures

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Intestinal biopsies were used to establish adult colonic stem cell-derived epithelial cell cultures (colonoids) that were plated as monolayers on 0.4 μm Transwell® inserts (VWR, cat#: 76313–906), as previously described [46 (link), 52 (link)]. Briefly, colonoids from Matrigel domes were dislodged using a cell scraper and incubated in Cultrex Organoid Harvesting solution (R&D Systems, cat#: 3700-100-01) at 4°C for 90 minutes. Cells were washed, treated with TrypLE Express (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#: 12604021) for 1 minute at 37°C, washed and resuspended in IntestiCult Organoid Growth Medium (OGM; STEMCELL Technologies, cat#: 06010) supplemented with 50 μg/mL gentamicin (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 10 μM Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#: 72304). Transwells® were pre-treated with 34 μg/mL human collagen IV (Sigma-Aldrich, cat#: C5533) and cells from 1.2 to 1.4 domes were seeded per Transwell®. Cells were incubated at 37°C (v/v 5% CO2) and media were changed every 2 days. Growth was monitored by light microscopy for confluence and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured with a Millicell® ERS-2 Volt-Ohm meter, as previously described [46 (link)].
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3

Cytoskeleton and Ion Pump Perturbations

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To disrupt ion and fluid pumping, spheroids were treated with ouabain, a Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor (Sigma) or 1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (ddAVP, Sigma), a vasopressin receptor agonist. Each was dissolved in distilled water at 1000× final concentration and diluted in cell culture media immediately before treatment for 4–24 h before DIC imaging. ouabain was used at a final concentration of 333 µM while ddAVP was used at a final concentration of 10 µM. For cytoskeletal inhibition (and controls) experiments, data were collected on at least five separate days from distinct samples. For fluid pumping inhibition experiments, data were collected on two separate days from distinct samples.
To perturb the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons, cells were treated with a cytoskeletal inhibitor cocktail composed of latrunculin A (Sigma, 1 µM), Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (STEMCELL Technologies, 20 µM), MLCK inhibitor ML-7 (Enzo, 20 µM), and nocodazole (Sigma, 50 µM). The cytoskeletal inhibitor cocktail was made at 5× final concentration in L15 media and 100 µL were added to imaging well with 400 µL of L15.
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4

Culturing Fibroblasts and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Fibroblasts were cultured in DMEM (Sigma, cat no: D5796), 10% fetal bovine serum (ThermoFisher-Scientific, cat no: 10500056), 2 mM GlutaMAX™ (ThermoFisher-Scientific, cat no: 35050038), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (ThermoFisher-Scientific, cat no: 15140122) in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO 2 at 37 • C and passaged using Try-pLE™ Express (ThermoFisher-Scientific, cat no: 12604039), and Defined Trypsin Inhibitor (ThermoFisher-Scientific, cat no: R007100). Human iPS cells were cultured in Essential-8™ medium (ThermoFisher Scientific, cat no: A1517001), on laminin-521 coated culture dishes (BioLamina; 5% CO2, 37 • C) and passaged as single cells using TrypLE™ Express and Defined Trypsin Inhibitor at a ratio of 1:10 when 80% confluence was reached.
For the embryoid body (EB) differentiation assay, iPSCs were dissociated with TrypLE™-Express, seeded into a 96-well ultra-low attachment plate (Sigma) in DMEM/F12, 20% Knock-out serum replacement, 3% FBS, 2 mM GlutaMAX™, 1x non-essential amino acids and 1% penicillin/streptomycin, supplemented with 10 μM Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 (Stem Cell Technologies). The next day, formed EBs were transferred to non-adherent culture plates for a total of 28 days of differentiation.
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