Poly(ε-Caprolactone) (PCL) (MW 80 kDa), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (MW 30–70 kDa), and levonorgestrel (LNG) (United States Pharmacopeia Reference Standard) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade methanol, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol as well as regenerated cellulose dialysis tubing (MWCO 10–12 KDa) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). All other reagents used in this study were of HPLC-grade and used without further purification. Ultrapure deionized water (18.2 MΩ-cm at 25 °C) was used for every experiment by the Milli-Q plus system from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA).
Levonorgestrel lng
Manufactured by Merck Group
Levonorgestrel (LNG) is a synthetic progestin used as a component in various contraceptive products. It is a potent and selective agonist of the progesterone receptor. LNG is commonly used in emergency contraceptive pills, intrauterine devices, and hormonal birth control formulations.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Isopropyl alcohol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Chloroform, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Poly ε caprolactone pcl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Regenerated cellulose dialysis tubing, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Hplc grade methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Polyvinyl alcohol (pva), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Milli q plus system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Caffeine caf, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Carbamazepine cbz, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 protocols using levonorgestrel lng
1
Levonorgestrel-Loaded PCL/PVA Nanoparticles
2
Pharmaceutical Consumption in Malaysia: Quantifying Impacts
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
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Pure standards (≥98%) of nifedipine (NFD) (CAS no. 21829-25-4), enalapril maleate (ENL) (CAS no. 76095-16-4), prazosin (PRZ) (CAS no. 19237-84-4), caffeine (CAF) (CAS no. 58-08-2), levonorgestrel (LNG) (CAS no. 797-63-7), carbamazepine (CBZ) (CAS no. 298-46-4), simvastatin (SMV) (CAS no. 79902-63-9) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Deionized water (DIW) was supplied by EASYPure RODI (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). HPLC-grade methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN), acetone, and formic acid (FA) were supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The chemical structure of all studied pharmaceuticals is presented in Figure 1.
The consumption profile of the studied pharmaceutical compounds in a particular country affects the profile of compounds found in wastewater and surface water. In Malaysia, Ministry of health publishes annually statistical report on drug consumption. 25 Table 1 presents the defined daily doses (DDD) of a drug per thousand inhabitants of the studied pharmaceuticals as a top 50 consumed pharmaceutical compounds over the years 2011-2014 in Malaysia. The DDD values are based on Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system by World Health Organization (WHO). 26 The annual consumption (kg/y) of the pharmaceuticals can be calculated using the following formula:
(4)
The consumption profile of the studied pharmaceutical compounds in a particular country affects the profile of compounds found in wastewater and surface water. In Malaysia, Ministry of health publishes annually statistical report on drug consumption. 25 Table 1 presents the defined daily doses (DDD) of a drug per thousand inhabitants of the studied pharmaceuticals as a top 50 consumed pharmaceutical compounds over the years 2011-2014 in Malaysia. The DDD values are based on Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system by World Health Organization (WHO). 26 The annual consumption (kg/y) of the pharmaceuticals can be calculated using the following formula:
(4)
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