Jem 2100 high resolution transmission electron microscope

Phage lysate produced from plate cultures of phage P7_Pc was used to prepare high-titer phage lysate (>1 × 10¹⁰ PFU/mL) using PEG precipitation. Forty milliliters of phage lysate was added to an SS-34 Oakridge tube, and 10 mL of 20% PEG 8000 (wt/vol)–2.5 M NaCl was added to the same tube. Next, the tube was incubated on ice for >30 min and centrifuged at 11,000 × g for 20 min to spin down the phage. The supernatant was removed using a micropipette, and the centrifugation step was repeated 2 to 3 times to remove any remaining PEG solution. The resulting pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of Sodium chloride-Tris-EDTA buffer (STE) buffer and transferred into a clean microcentrifuge tube. Then, it was centrifuged at 14,000 × g for 10 min and the supernatant was collected into another sterile microfuge tube. The phage lysate was stored at 4°C until further analysis.
The TEM grid (a holey carbon-coated Cu grid, 400 mesh size) was placed on 10 μL of the PEG-precipitated phage suspension and held for 5 to 6 min, followed by a staining step using 1% ammonium molybdate (wt/vol) for 30 s. The grids were observed using a JEOL-JEM-2100 high-resolution transmission electron microscope at the Electron Microscopy Facility of Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology at 120 kV to determine the morphological characteristics of P7_Pc.

Bi₂O₃-NPs, WO₃-NPs, BaO-NPs, and Zr₂O₃-NPs were chosen due to their higher density, as follows: 8.90, 7.16, 5.72, and 5.68 g·cm⁻³. As well, they have high absorption points (k-edges) at different energies, and NPs have higher homogenous distribution than the MPs inside the SR. These reasons improve the prepared SR samples against gamma ray radiations. TEM-images of presented NPs were performed using JEOL JEM-2100 high-resolution transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV as shown in Figure 1 and the obtained properties of presented NPs were tabulated in Table 1. The average size of PbO-microparticles replaced with nanoparticles was 40 μm, its purity was 98.8%, it had 1.2% impurities and was purchased from EPPCO, in Al Arbaeen, Suez Governorate, Egypt.

UV-vis absorption spectra were obtained on a UV 3600 spectrophotometer (Shimazu, Japan).Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were collected on a Nicolet 6700 FTIR spectrometer (Nicolet, USA).X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement was performed on a XRD-6000 diffractometer (Shimadzu, Japan), using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) with a scan rate 2 deg/min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained on a Hitachi S-4800 field-emission scanning electron microscope (Hitachi, Japan).Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were collected with a JEM-2100 high-resolution transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Japan). The molar ratio of Mg²⁺/Al³⁺ in Mg-Al-LDH was determined by an optima 5300DV inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, Perkin Elmer, USA). Thermogravimetry- differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis was performed on a STA 449C thermal analyzer (Netzsch, Germany) under the air flow with a heating rate of 10 K/min. The N₂ adsorption-desorption experiment was carried out by Micromeritics ASAP 2010 (Micromeritics, USA) at 77 K. Specific surface area of Mg-Al-LDH nanoflowers was calculated according to the Brunnauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method.