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36 protocols using hr series nefa hr 2

1

Metabolic profiling and atherosclerosis quantification

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Serum metabolites (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, free fatty
acids) were assayed from blood obtained from mice after 6-hour fast per
manufacturer’s protocols (Thermo Scientific TR13421, TR22421, TR15408,
and Wako Diagnostics HR Series NEFA-HR(2)).
For glucose tolerance test, mice were fasted for 6 hours, injected with
10% D-glucose (1 g/kg), and tail vein blood obtained at different time points
was analyzed using a glucometer (Contour, Bayer Healthcare, Mishawaka, IN).
Serum L-amino acid were measured from mice fed standard or high protein
Western diets for 2 month or from fasted mice given an oral protein gavage for
the indicated time points using a colorimetric L-amino acid assay kit (Abcam,
ab65347) following the manufacturer’s protocol.
Quantification of atherosclerosis at the aortic root was as
follows12 (link),21 (link). PBS-perfused hearts were placed in a
cryostat mold containing tissue freezing medium. 10 μm thick sections
were taken from the samples beginning just caudal to the aortic sinus and
extending into the proximal aorta. Slides were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde
and stained with Oil Red O. Images were taken by EVOS XL Core Cell Imaging
system and Oil Red O positive regions were quantified using ZEN microscope
software (Carl Zeiss AG).
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2

Serum Biomarkers for Cholesterol Metabolism

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Serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), and FGF19 levels were determined by ELISA (Catalog nos. DF2100, DPC900, and DF1900, respectively; R&D Systems), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Serum NEFA levels were determined using an enzymatic colorimetric assay [HR Series NEFA-HR(2); Wako Diagnostics]. Levels of serum BAs and 7a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), a BA synthesis marker, were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass-spectrometry using deuterium-labeled standards for C4 and BA (24 (link)). Unesterified lathosterol, a serum marker of total cholesterol synthesis, was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (25 (link)). C4 and lathosterol levels were corrected for total serum and total cholesterol (C4c and lathosterol/c), respectively (26 (link), 27 (link)).
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3

Metabolic Biomarkers in Livestock

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Once a month, blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture for measurement of progesterone (P4), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and glucose. After clotting, samples were centrifuged at 1350×g for 15 min and serum stored at − 20 °C for further analysis. NEFA and BHBA concentrations were measured by colorimetric enzyme kits (HR Series NEFA-HR(2); Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., Richmond, VA, USA; kit H7587; Pointe Scientific, Inc., Canton, MI, USA). Intra- and inter-assay coefficients were 5.9% and 2.5% for NEFA, and 7.0% and 7.5% for BHBA. Plasma glucose concentration was determined by the quantitative colorimetric method (kit G7521; Pointe Scientific, Inc., Canton, MI, USA). Intra- and inter-assay coefficients were 2.7% and 3.3%, respectively. Progesterone concentrations were determined by a chemiluminescent immunoassay kit (IMMULITE 1000; Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Los Angeles, CA, USA), and intra-assay coefficient of variation was 4.1%.
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4

Comprehensive Lipid Metabolism Profiling

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Infinity Cholesterol (catalog #TR13421), Infinity Triglyceride (catalog #TR22421), and TRIzolTM (catalog #15596018) reagents were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Middletown, VA, USA). Autokit Glucose (catalog #997-03001), Phospholipids C (catalog #997-01801), and HR Series NEFA-HR(2) (catalog #999-34691, 995-34791, 991-34891, and 993-35191) kits were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Chemicals USA (Richmond, VA, USA). Omniscript RT (catalog #205113) kit was purchased from Qiagen (Germantown, MD, USA) and qPCRTM core kit for SYBR Green I (catalog #10-SN10-05) was from Eurogentec (San Diego, CA, USA). 3H-cholesterol (catalog #NET139001MC), 14C-oleic acid (catalog #NEC317250UC), and 14C-triolein (catalog #NEC674250UC) were from PerkinElmer (Shelton, CT, USA). Poloxamer 407 (catalog #P1166) was purchased from Spectrum Chemical (New Brunswick, NJ, USA). Primary and secondary antibodies were purchased from either Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA, USA) or Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). All other chemicals and solvents were obtained from Fisher Scientific through its local distributor in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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5

Preparation of Palmitate-BSA Solution

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Palmitate was prepared as previously described50 (link). Briefly, palmitic acid was diluted in dH2O 0.1 N NaOH then heated to 70 °C to dissolve. In parallel, 10% BSA in dH2O was heated to 55 °C. When dissolved, palmitate was quickly added to heated 10% BSA solution to create a 1:6 palmitate: BSA solution. Stock palmitate: BSA solution was sterile filtered (0.22 microns) before usage. Palmitate concentration of stock solution was measured using HR series NEFA-HR(2) (Wako Diagnostics USA, Moutain View, CA).
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6

Serum Lipid Biomarker Quantification

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Serum non-esterified FAs were determined by the Wako HR Series NEFA-HR (2 (link)) kit. Serum total ketone bodies (acetoacetone + 3 hydroxybutyrate) were assessed using a cyclic enzymatic assay (FUJIFILM Wako Diagnostic).
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7

Lipolysis Regulation in Adipose Tissue

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Gonadal fat pads were surgically removed and washed several times with PBS. Tissue pieces (∼15 mg) were pre-incubated for 2 h in DMEM in the presence or in the absence of 25 μM Hi-76-0079 (Novo Nordisk) at C37°C, 5% CO2, 95% humidified atmosphere. Thereafter, the medium was replaced by DMEM containing 2% BSA (fatty acid-free) either in the presence or in the absence of 10 μM forskolin and 25 μM Hi-76-0079 and incubated for another 60 min at 37°C. Aliquots of the medium were removed and analyzed for FFA and glycerol content using commercial kits (HR Series NEFA-HR(2), WAKO Diagnostics). For protein determinations, fat pads were washed extensively with PBS and lysed in 0.3 N NaOH/0.1% SDS. Protein measurements were performed using the BCA reagent (Pierce).
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8

Metabolic Assays in Glucose Homeostasis

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Plasma glucose concentrations were measured using the YSI Glucose Analyzer, and NEFA using an enzymatic assay (Wako Diagnostics HR Series NEFA-HR(2)). Plasma insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay by the Yale Diabetes Research Center. Basal and clamp endogenous glucose turnover were calculated by measurement of steady-state plasma [3H] glucose enrichment at the end of the basal and clamp periods. Tissue 2-deoxyglucose uptake was calculated following measurement of plasma and tissue [14C] 2-deoxyglucose specific activity as previously reported (Youn and Buchanan, 1993 (link)).
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9

Metabolic Assessment via Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests

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We performed intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (ipGTT) (2 g/kg) after an overnight fast, and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests (0.75 units/kg) after a 5-hour fast [67 (link),69 (link)]. Glucose was measured from the tail vein using OneTouch (One Touch Ultra, Bayer). We measured serum insulin by ELISA (Mercodia #10-1247-01). We performed hyperglycemic glucose clamps [21 (link)] and measured body composition as described [70 ]. For hyperglycemic clamps, we placed an indwelling intravenous catheter in the right jugular vein at least 1 week before the clamp. We inserted a polyurethane catheter (PU 10) filled with saline solution containing heparin (10 U/mL) into the target vessel. The catheter was tunneled through the back of the neck and placed under the back skin. A silk suture was tied to the catheter, and a small opening was made at the back of the neck. This partially exposed suture was removed on the day of the clamp. Thereafter, a continuous glucose infusion was adjusted to achieve a target glycemia of 300 mg/dL for at least 60 min. We measured non-esterified FAs with HR Series NEFA-HR (2) (Wako Pure Chemicals) and triglycerides with Infinity #TR22421 (ThermoFisher).
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10

Metabolic Profiling in Mice

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Only male mice aged 9–15 weeks were studied, except in developemental studies (from 2-day-old to 40-day-old), where pups of both genders were used. We performed glucose and pyruvate tolerance tests after a 16-h (6 p.m. to 10 a.m.) fast using intraperitoneal injection of 2 g per kg body weight glucose. Blood glucose measurements were made from tail vein blood using OneTouch glucose monitor (One Touch Ultra, Bayer). Prior to sacrifice, mice were overnight fasted for 13 h, from 1900 to 0800 h. Mice to be refed were then given ad libitum access to chow from 0800 to 1200 h. Insulin levels were measured by ELISA (#10-1247-01, Mercodia); triglyceride (Infinity, #TR22421, ThermoFisher), total cholesterol (Cholesterol E, #439-17501, Wako Pure chemicals), ketone bodies (Total Ketone Bodies, #415-73301, #411-73401, Wako Pure chemicals), nonesterified fatty acids (HR Series NEFA-HR(2), #999-34691, #995-34791, #991-34891, #993-35191, Wako Pure chemicals), and total bile acid (STA-631, Cell Biolabs) by colorimetric assays. Blood chemistry analysis was performed by the Institute of Comparative Medicine (Columbia University).
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