As explicitly described in Results, LPS, TNF, and other compounds were administered to mice by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection as follows. For high-dose LPS, mice were injected intravenously with LPS (Escherichia coli O111:B4; Sigma-Aldrich; 10 mg/kg of body weight in 100 μl of saline for 6 or 16 h). For TNF injection, mice were injected intravenously with TNF (recombinant mouse TNF; BioLegend; 6 μg in 100 μl of saline per mouse for 6 h). For low-dose LPS plus d-galactosamine (d-GalNAc), mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS (0.5 mg/kg of body weight in 100 μl of saline for 20 h) plus d-GalNAc (Sigma-Aldrich; 1 g/kg of body weight in 100 μl of saline for 20 h). For suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), mice were injected intraperitoneally with SAHA (Sigma-Aldrich; 50 mg/kg of body weight in 100 μl of dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO] for 20 h).
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