Unless otherwise stated, all materials were guaranteed reagent grade. Ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H2O), heptadecafluorooctane sulfonic acid (C8F, 40 wt% aqueous solution), agar (ash 2.0–4.5%) and aluminium oxide (activated, basic, Brockmann 1, standard grade, ∼150 mesh, 58 Å) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and were used without further purification. Pyrrole (Py, 98%) was also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and purified by passing through a column of the activated basic alumina prior to storage at −15 °C before use. Deionized water (<0.06 μS cm−1) was prepared using a deionized water producing apparatus (Advantec MFS RFD240NA: GA25A-0715) and used for syntheses and purification of the polyPyrrole (PPy). Pin (Pushpin C.P., Tokyo, Japan) was purchased from Lemon Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
Aluminium oxide
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Austria
Aluminium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula Al2O3. It is a white, crystalline solid that is commonly used as a laboratory material in various applications. Aluminium oxide serves as an absorbent, a desiccant, and a catalyst support.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Zinc oxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acrylonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hplc grade acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Toluene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dimethylformamide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Deuterated solvents, by Avantor (2 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Iron 2 sulfate heptahydrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Perfluorooctyl iodide, by ABCR (2 mentions)
Aquaphobe cf, by ABCR (2 mentions)
Teflon af 1600, by DuPont (2 mentions)
Acetone and ethanol, by Brenntag (2 mentions)
Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
1 1 2 trichloro 1 2 2 trifluoroethane, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
14 protocols using aluminium oxide
1
Polypyrrole Synthesis Using Activated Alumina
2
Synthesis of N-phenyl carbamates
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Methyl N-phenyl carbamate (CAS: 2603-10-3) was purchased from TCI chemicals. Phenyl isocyanate (≥98%), aniline (≥99%), 1,3-Diphenylurea (98%), 1-(2-Pyridyl) piperazine (≥99%), Dimethyl sulfoxide (anhydrous ≥ 99.9%) and diphenyl ether (≥99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), water (HPLC grade), ammonium acetate (≥98%), and formic acid (For LC-MS 98–100%) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich for use in analytical equipment (LC).
Catalysts include montmorillonite K10 (H2Al2(SiO3)4−nH2O, surface area 220–270 m2/g), zinc oxide (nanopowder, ≤100 nm, 10–25 m2/g), and aluminium oxide (50–300 mesh, acid, 155 m2/g) purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Bismuth(III) oxide (nanopowder 99.9%, 3.8–5.5 m2/g) was purchased from Fischer scientific. The catalysts were stored in an oven (110 °C) prior to experiments.
Acetonitrile (HPLC grade), water (HPLC grade), ammonium acetate (≥98%), and formic acid (For LC-MS 98–100%) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich for use in analytical equipment (LC).
Catalysts include montmorillonite K10 (H2Al2(SiO3)4−nH2O, surface area 220–270 m2/g), zinc oxide (nanopowder, ≤100 nm, 10–25 m2/g), and aluminium oxide (50–300 mesh, acid, 155 m2/g) purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Bismuth(III) oxide (nanopowder 99.9%, 3.8–5.5 m2/g) was purchased from Fischer scientific. The catalysts were stored in an oven (110 °C) prior to experiments.
3
Electrochemical Sensor Fabrication Protocol
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Methacrylic acid (MAA) [79–41–4] (cat. no. M0782, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) and divinyl benzene (DVB) [97–90–5] (cat. no. 414565, Sigma-Aldrich) were filtered through an extraction column composed of 500 mg of aluminium oxide (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) for separation prior to use, in order to remove stabilizers. 2,2′-Azobisisobutyronitrile [78–67–1] (AIBN) was used as obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. All other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade. Solutions were prepared with ultrapure water (Milli-Q, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Screen-printed cells (SPC) with graphite working electrode (WE), graphite auxiliary electrode (AE), and Ag ink quasi-reference electrode (RE) on polyester support were commercially available (EcoBioServices s.r.l., Florence, Italy). Each cell was cut out from a strip of ten screen-printed cells to a width of 0.9 cm.
4
Electrochemical Determination of Strychnine
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Strychnine (purity > 98%), Strychnine N-oxide (purity ≤ 100%) were obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK). Phosphoric acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Glacial acetic acid and Potassium Hydroxide were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK); and Sodium Chloride from Sigma Aldrich, UK. Britton-Robinson buffer solution (Phosphoric acid, Glacial acetic acid and Sodium Chloride) had the pH adjusted using sodium hydroxide and Hydrochloric Acid. Potassium ferricyanide from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, USA) was used to for the cyclic voltammetry testing of the polished glassy carbon electrode. Fumed silica (particle size 0.007 μm) and aluminium oxide (particle size 0.05 μm), used for polishing the glassy carbon electrode, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) from Fisher Scientific, (Loughborough, UK); used in the sonication of the GC electrode. Water was purified using an ELGA purification system to a specific resistance 18 MΩ and used to prepare all solutions. Artificial human plasma was purchased from sigma (Sigma Aldrich, UK). The urine sample (ethics permission obtained) used was freshly supplied by a volunteer.
Pyrrole (Py) was obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, UK). Brucine and scopolamine used in selectivity tests were bought from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, UK).
Pyrrole (Py) was obtained from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, UK). Brucine and scopolamine used in selectivity tests were bought from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich, UK).
5
Synthesis of Polymeric Materials
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Acrylonitrile (AN; ≥99%), methyl methacrylate (MMA; ≥99%), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN; ≥98%), cumyl dithiobenzoate (CDB; ≥99%), benzene (≥99.9%), aluminium oxide (activated, neutral, Brockmann Activity I), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; ≥99.7%), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; ≥99.9%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The monomers were passed through alumina columns to remove inhibitors before use. All other chemicals were used as received.
6
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Synthesis
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n-Butyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, α,α′-azoisobutyronitrile, copper(ii )bromide, tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, 2,2′-bipyridyl, ethyl α-bromoisobutyrate, copper(i )chloride, aluminium oxide, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, dimethylformamide, toluene, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, methanol, and tellurium metalloid were provided by Sigma-Aldrich.
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n-Butyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, α,α′-azoisobutyronitrile, copper(
7
Synthesis of Nanocomposite Materials
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Pd acetylacetonate (Pd(acac) 2 , 99%), zinc acetylacetonate (Zn(acac) 2 , 99%), aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 , nanopowder, <50 nm particle size), gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3 , 99.99+, %), zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH 3 OH) 2 $6H 2 O, $98%), ammonium carbonate ((NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , $30% NH 3 basis), and zinc oxide (nanopowder, <100 nm particle size) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich; aeroxide titanium oxide (TiO 2 , P25) was supplied by Evonik.
8
Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene-Based Composites
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Ethylenediamine (EDA), methyl acrylate, graphite powder, sodium nitrate, sulfuric acid (95%), potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide (30%), hydrochloric acid, thioacetamide, bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate, nitric acid, dimethylformamide (99%), acetic acid (99.5%), sodium hydroxide (96%), aluminium oxide (5 µm), methanol, potassium chloride, phosphoric acid (85%), boric acid (99.5%), K4[Fe(CN)6]·3H2O, and K2[Fe(CN)6] were supplied from Merck company (Darmstadt, Germany). Salbutamol was supplied by Darou-Pakhsh pharmaceutical company (Tehran, Iran). Animal and poultry feed products were purchased from Tavanmehr livestock and poultry feed factory (Kerman, Iran). Milk and sausages were purchased from a local grocery store.
9
Hormone Analysis Protocol Optimization
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Hormone reference standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The certified purities of these standards range from 98% to 99%. HPLC grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from Merck (Germany). Florisil (magnesium silicate) was purchased from Sigma, USA. The solvents acetone (Merck, Germany), Trichloroacetic acid (Merck, Germany), sodium chloride (Merck, Germany), magnesium sulfate (Merck, Germany), aluminium oxide (Merck, Germany) used in this study were laboratory reagent grade. The syringe filters (0.45 μm) were obtained from Merck, Germany.
Before usage, all glassware was cleaned with detergent, sonicated, rinsed with distilled water followed by acetone and then heated for 2 h at 180 °C.
Before usage, all glassware was cleaned with detergent, sonicated, rinsed with distilled water followed by acetone and then heated for 2 h at 180 °C.
10
Cationic Dye Adsorption Copolymer Synthesis
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All chemical reagents purchased were analytical grade, used without further purification except acrylonitrile (AN) and acrylic acid (AA) (Acros Organics, Morris, NJ, USA) purified by aluminium oxide (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) with glass wool. Potassium persulphate (KPS) and sodium bisulphate (SBS) (R&M Chemicals, Essex, UK) were used as initiators for free radical polymerization. Methanol and ethanol were purchased from Systerm ChemAR (Shah Alam, Malaysia). Thiourea (R&M Chemicals, Essex, UK) was used to modify the synthesized copolymer. Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide (R&M Chemicals, Essex, UK) were used for the pH adjustment. The two cationic dyes, malachite green (MG) and methylene blue (MB) purchased from Acros Organics, NJ, USA, were used as adsorbate. Their general properties and structures are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1 , respectively.
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