Intralipid 20

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United Kingdom, Switzerland

Intralipid 20% is a parenteral nutrition product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, lipid emulsion for intravenous administration. Intralipid 20% provides a source of calories and essential fatty acids for patients who cannot maintain adequate oral nutrition.

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Spelling variants of this product

Intralipid (66 citations) Intralipid 20% emulsion (12 citations)

9 protocols using intralipid 20

Lipaemic and Spiked Plasma Samples

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Blood samples were collected into 0.109 M sodium citrate (Vacutainer^®, Becton Dickinson), and plasma was prepared by centrifugation at 2000 g for 15 minutes.
Twenty‐six plasma samples (hereafter referred to as “lipaemic samples”) with a median triglyceride concentration of 4.6 mmol/L (range 0.5‐12.5) and median cholesterol concentration of 4.06 mmol/L (range 2.20‐9.41) were obtained from residual, anonymized samples collected after all diagnostic testing had been completed, in compliance with local ethical committee rules and the Human Tissue Act.
Twenty plasmas from normal volunteers were spiked with exogenous lipoproteins (hereafter referred to as “spiked samples”): ten with 5 µL/mL Intralipid 20 (Sigma‐Aldrich) and ten with lipid isolated from lipaemic patient plasmas, to give a median triglyceride concentration of 11.95 mmol/L (range 5.0‐17.0) and median cholesterol concentration of 4.33 (3.22‐7.06). Informed consent was obtained from normal donors (approved by the UCL Research Ethics Committee: Project ID Number: 7029/001).

Gardiner C., Lane P., Tailor H, & Mackie I.J. (2019). A practical method for reducing the interference due to lipaemia in coagulation tests. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, 42(2), 140-144.

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Breast Tissue Phantom Fabrication and Analysis

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Breast tissue mimicking phantoms were constructed as described elsewhere 37 ,38 (link). Briefly, 10% gelatin powder (Spectrum; New Brunswick, NJ), was dissolved in 50 mM Tris-HCl with 15 mM NaN₃. This was dissolved by stirring at 50 °C, followed by cooling to 33-37 °C. Dried bovine erythrocytes (Sigma; St. Louis, MO) were then added to achieve 17 μM hemoglobin, followed by 1 % (v/v) Intralipid 20% (Sigma; St. Louis, MO). This mixture was then aliquoted into tissue culture dishes to achieve thicknesses of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 mm, and placed at 4 °C until ready for use. Tumor fluorescent signal penetration through tissue phantoms was analyzed using FIGSS. Initial readings with no phantoms were taken. Phantoms which measured between 2-6 mm thick in 1 mm increments were then placed sequentially over the tumors and imaged using 30 mW laser excitation. Images taken using the IGS system were rated with a qualitative “detection factor” (DF) using a strong (+++), moderate (++), weak (+), and absent (-) scale. Color and NIR channel images were saved separately followed by processing with ImageJ (NIH; Bethesda, MD). All images were processed identically.

Hill T.K., Kelkar S.S., Wojtynek N.E., Souchek J.J., Payne W.M., Stumpf K., Marini F.C, & Mohs A.M. (2016). Near Infrared Fluorescent Nanoparticles Derived from Hyaluronic Acid Improve Tumor Contrast for Image-Guided Surgery. Theranostics, 6(13), 2314-2328.

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Postprandial Lymph Dynamics with GLP-2 and Glucose

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Following an overnight fast with intraduodenal saline infusion, a fasted lymph sample was collected. A bolus of 1.5 ml Intralipid 20% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was administered via the intraduodenal cannula. Intraduodenal saline infusion at a rate of 3 ml/hr was continued for the duration of the study. At 300 minutes post-Intralipid bolus (time = 0), rats were randomized to receive one of four treatments: 1) saline (1 ml, i.d.) + phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 0.5 ml, i.p.) (Placebo, n=10); 2) glucose (0.2 g in 1 ml saline, i.d.) + PBS (0.5 ml, i.p.) (GLC, n=11); 3) saline (1 ml, i.d.) + GLP-2 (75 ug in 0.5 ml PBS, i.p.) (GLP-2, n=10); 4) glucose (0.2 g in 1 ml saline, i.d.) + GLP-2 (75 ug in 0.5 ml PBS, i.p.) (GLP-2 + GLC, n=10) (Figure 1). GLP-2 was synthesized at >90% purity as a DPP-IV resistant analog [Gly2]-GLP-2 (Pepceuticals, Inc., Leichestershire, UK). Lymph samples were collected on ice for five hours prior to treatment and two hours post-treatment in 5-, 15- and 30-minute intervals (Figure 1). Euthanasia was performed at 120 minutes post-treatment by lethal intraperitoneal pentobarbital (100 mg/kg Euthanyl, Vetoquinol Inc., Lure, France).

Stahel P., Xiao C., Davis X., Tso P, & Lewis G.F. (2019). Glucose and Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Mobilize Intestinal Triglyceride by Distinct Mechanisms. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 39(8), 1565-1573.

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Glucose, Lipid, and Insulin Tolerance Assays

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For oral GTT, D-Glucose (G8270, Sigma-Aldrich) or water gavage was
performed; blood was collected afterwards through retro-orbital plexus at
indicated time point for glucose and IL6 analysis. For intraperitoneal GTT,
D-Glucose was given through intraperitoneal injection at the dose of 2g/kg.
CBG was analyzed using a glucometer (OneTouch) at indicated time points. For
insulin tolerance tests, insulin (Novolin R) was administrated at 2 lU/kg
through intraperitoneal injection. For pyruvate tolerance tests, pyruvate
(Sigma-Aldrich) was applied at 2g/kg by intraperitoneal injection. CBG was
analyzed at indicated time points. For lipid tolerance tests, intralipid 20%
(1141, Sigma-Aldrich) was intraperitoneally injected at a volume of
200μl Per mouse. Plasma level of TG was analyzed at 0, 1,2, 3, and 4
hours after intralipid administration. For hepatic triglyceride production,
poloxamer 407 (16758, Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in PBS and then
intraperitoneally injected at 1g/kg. Plasma level of TG was analyzed at 0,
1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after poloxamer injection. Mice were fasted overnight
before the hepatic TG production assay and assessment of glucose and
palmitate turnover; for all other tolerance tests, stressed or unstressed
mice were fasted for four hours before testing. Capillary blood glucose
(CBG) was analyzed using a glucometer (OneTouch) at indicated time
points.

Qing H., Desrouleaux R., Israni-Winger K., Fogelman N., Zhang C., Rashad S., Palm N.W., Sinha R., Picciotto M.R., Perry R.J, & Wang A. (2020). Origin and function of stress-induced IL6 in murine models. Cell, 182(2), 372-387.e14.

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Lipid Gavage and Epididymal Fat Analysis

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Male mice on C57BL/6 and 129/SvJ mixed background were a generous gift from Dr. J. L. Breslow (The Rockefeller University, New York, NY)^{77 (link)} and were backcrossed to 129X1/SvJ mice obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) for 8 generations. Genomic DNA of the 129X1/SvJ ApoA4^−/− mice were extracted and the absence of ApoA4 were confirmed by PCR amplification. Male and female mice on 129X1/SvJ background were bred and housed at the University of Cincinnati animal facility, maintained in a 12:12-h light–dark cycle at 22 °C with ad libitum access to chow (Teklad 7912 standard chow diet, Teklad Diets, Madison, WI) and water unless specified. Adult male and female (12–16 weeks old) littermates were used for all experiments. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of Cincinnati and were in agreement with NIH and ARRIVE guidelines. Lipid gavage: Male 129X1/SvJ wildtype mice were fasted overnight and gavaged with a bolus of lipid emulsion containing 0.22 mL Intralipid 20% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and 0.08 mL 0.9% saline. Different groups of mice were euthanized at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after lipid gavage (n = 3/time point). Epididymal fat tissues were then collected for protein extraction and co-immunoprecipitation.

Qu J., Fourman S., Fitzgerald M., Liu M., Nair S., Oses-Prieto J., Burlingame A., Morris J.H., Davidson W.S., Tso P, & Bhargava A. (2021). Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a novel receptor for apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) in adipose tissue. Scientific Reports, 11, 13289.

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Preparation of Artificial Lipid Particle Emulsion

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To prepare the artificial lipid particle emulsion, Intralipid® 20% (Sigma, Gillingham, UK) was diluted using phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to yield 100 mg/dL of triglyceride (TG) concentration [15 (link), 20 (link)]. A TG enzymatic kit (Sigma Aldrich, Dorset, UK) was used to monitor the TG concentration by following manufacturer's instructions.

Lee J.B., Zgair A., Malec J., Kim T.H., Kim M.G., Ali J., Qin C., Feng W., Chiang M., Gao X., Voronin G., Garces A.E., Lau C.L., Chan T.H., Hume A., McIntosh T.M., Soukarieh F., Al-Hayali M., Cipolla E., Collins H.M., Heery D.M., Shin B.S., Yoo S.D., Kagan L., Stocks M.J., Bradshaw T.D., Fischer P.M, & Gershkovich P. (2018). Lipophilic activated ester prodrug approach for drug delivery to the intestinal lymphatic system. Journal of Controlled Release, 286, 10-19.

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Oral Administration of AN9 for SMA Mice

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AN9 (Pivanex) was provided by Titan Pharmaceuticals (South San Francisco, CA). Working solutions were prepared by mixing neat compound with an emulsion of 4% ethanol and Intralipid-20 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) at a concentration of 0.1 mL AN9 per mL emulsion. Carrier and SMA littermate mice were were dosed twice daily (b.i.d.; at 09.00 and 17.00 daily) with AN9 (200 mg/kg/d) or vehicle (4% ethanol in Intralipid-20) via oral administration as described previously [18 (link)]. Treatment began at postnatal day 4 (PND04) and continued for the lifetime of each SMA mouse. The body mass of each mouse was determined each day during treatment. The treatment cohorts were not stratified based on sex because there is no significant difference in lifespan between male and female SMNΔ7 SMA mice [19 (link)].

Edwards J.D, & Butchbach M.E. (2016). Effect of the butyrate prodrug pivaloyloxymethyl butyrate (AN9) on a mouse model for spinal muscular atrophy. Journal of neuromuscular diseases, 3(4), 511-515.

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Lymph Lipid Transport After Duodenal Lipid Infusion

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After an overnight fast with intraduodenal saline infusion, rats were randomized to receive 1 of 2 intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatments: (1) vehicle (PBS 0.5 mL, n=9) and ( 2) GLP-1R antagonist Ex (9-39; >95% purity; Pepceuticals, Inc, Leichestershire, United Kingdom; 100 μg/kg in 0.5 mL PBS; n=9). At 15 minutes post-treatment (referred to as time 0) an intraduodenal (i.d.) bolus of 1.5 mL intralipid 20% (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was administered (Figure 1). Intraduodenal saline infusion at 3 mL/h was continued for the duration of the study. Lymph samples were collected on ice for 1 hour before treatment. Following the intraduodenal lipid bolus, lymph samples were collected for 4 hours beginning with 10-minute intervals for the first hour, followed by 15-minute intervals for the subsequent hour, and 30-minute intervals for the final 2 hours. Lymph fluid was collected by gravity, allowing continuous flow and limiting the opportunity for clotting. Small clots within the tubing could be extracted by mild suction with a syringe and had minimal impact on lymph flow. Rats were euthanized with pentobarbital overdose (80 mg/kg) at the end of the experiment. Lymph samples were frozen at -20 °C and analyzed for TG concentration using a colorimetric assay kit (L-type triglyceride M; Wako Diagnostics, Richmond, VA) and for apoB content by Western blot.

Nahmias A., Stahel P., Tian L., Xiao C, & Lewis G.F. (2021). GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) Is Physiologically Relevant for Chylomicron Secretion Beyond Its Known Pharmacological Role. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 41(6).

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Synthesis and Characterization of PEGDMA

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PEGDMA 2 and 6 kDa were synthesized from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, M_n = 2,000 and 6,000 g/mol) purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Merck, Switzerland) according to a previously reported procedure with subtle modifications (Lin-Gibson et al., 2004 (link)). The ¹H-NMR spectrum revealed a degree of methacrylation beyond 90%. PEGDMA 20 kDa was purchased from Polysciences (Germany).
The light-sensitive and water-soluble photoinitiator, known as poly(ethylene glycol) substituted bis(acyl)phosphane oxides (PEG-BAPO), was synthesized by phospha-Michael addition, as previously reported (Wang et al., 2018 (link)).
The iodine-based contrast medium Accupaque (350 mg/ml, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, United States) was provided by the Bern University Hospital and the intravenous fat emulsion Intralipid 20% was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Merck, Switzerland).

Poupart O., Conti R., Schmocker A., Pancaldi L., Moser C., Nuss K.M., Sakar M.S., Dobrocky T., Grützmacher H., Mosimann P.J, & Pioletti D.P. (2021). Pulsatile Flow-Induced Fatigue-Resistant Photopolymerizable Hydrogels for the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 619858.

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