Food grade gelatin (Type A, 200 Bloom) was acquired from Gel-Tec Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). CNF (CNFTEMPO, W: 10–20 nm, L: 3–350 µm, density: 1.0 g/cm3) was obtained from Moorim P&P Co., Ltd. (Ulsan, Korea). Glycerol was obtained from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co., Ltd. (Siheung, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Shikonin was extracted from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon using a previously reported method [17 (link)]. All other chemicals used were analytical reagent grade.
Glycerol
Manufactured by Daejung Chemicals
Sourced in United States
Glycerol is a clear, odorless, and viscous liquid that is widely used in various industries. It is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C3H8O3. Glycerol is a common by-product of the biodiesel production process and is also derived from natural sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sorbitol, by Daejung Chemicals (2 mentions)
Xylitol, by Daejung Chemicals (2 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tween 80, by Daejung Chemicals (2 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Tedia (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Samchun (1 mentions)
Zinc chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Polyvinyl alcohol (pva), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Calcium chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, by Junsei (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
Sodium alginate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cacl2, by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
Curcumin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chitosan, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
Sodium alginate, by Junsei (1 mentions)
Agar powder, by Duksan Pure Chemicals (1 mentions)
Avance 3 spectrometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Nutrient broth, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phosphate buffer saline (pbs), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
17 protocols using glycerol
1
Shikonin-Loaded Gelatin/CNF Composite
2
Staphylococcus aureus Strain Preparation
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The S. aureus ATCC 33593 strain was purchased from the Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms (Seoul, Republic of Korea). The MRSA CCARM 3820 and CCARM 3879 strains were purchased from the Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes (CCARM, Guri, Republic of Korea). All S. aureus strains were stored at −80 °C in 25% glycerol (catalog number: 4066–4400, Daejung Chemical & Metals Co., Ltd., Siheung, Republic of Korea). Cells were cultured using tryptic soy broth (TSB, catalog number: 211825, Becton Dickinson Korea Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea) and tryptic soy agar (TSA) made using TSB with 1.5% agar (catalog number: 214010, Becton Dickinson Korea Co., Ltd.). Cultures were incubated at 37 °C with a shaking speed of 250 rpm. A saline solution was prepared by dissolving sodium chloride (catalog number: S0476, Samchun Chemicals Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea) at 0.85% (w/v). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was made with 8 g/L of sodium chloride, 0.2 g/L of potassium chloride (catalog number: PR-1938, Tedia Company Inc., Fairfield, OH, USA), 1.44 g/L of sodium phosphate dibasic (catalog number: 7613–4405, Daejung Chemical & Metals Co., Ltd.), and 0.245 g/L of potassium phosphate monobasic (catalog number: P1122, Samchun Chemicals Co., Ltd.). All solutions were autoclaved at 121 °C for 20 min.
3
MRSA Cultivation and Storage Protocol
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MRSA CCARM 3807 [61 (link)] and CCARM 3820 were purchased from the Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistance Microbes at Seoul Women’s University (Seoul, Republic of Korea). The strains were stored in 25% glycerol (catalog number: 4066-4400, Daejung Chemical & Metals Co., Ltd., Siheung, Republic of Korea) at −80 °C.
Both strains were cultured in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB, catalog number: 211825, Becton Dickinson Korea Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea) and plated on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) plates made by adding 1.5% Bacto-Agar (catalog number: 214010, Becton Dickinson Korea) to TSB.
Saline was prepared by adding 0.85% (w/v) of sodium chloride (catalog number: S0476, Samchun Chemicals Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea) to distilled water. All solutions were sterilized at 121 °C for 20 min. The strains were cultured at 37 °C with a shaking speed of 250 rpm for liquid cultures.
Both strains were cultured in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB, catalog number: 211825, Becton Dickinson Korea Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea) and plated on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) plates made by adding 1.5% Bacto-Agar (catalog number: 214010, Becton Dickinson Korea) to TSB.
Saline was prepared by adding 0.85% (w/v) of sodium chloride (catalog number: S0476, Samchun Chemicals Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea) to distilled water. All solutions were sterilized at 121 °C for 20 min. The strains were cultured at 37 °C with a shaking speed of 250 rpm for liquid cultures.
4
Optimizing Zinc Chloride-Polyol Solutions
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Zinc chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), erythritol (Ingredion Korea, Korea), glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol (all from Daejung Chemicals, Korea) were dissolved at specific ratios in distilled water (DW) for use in the described experiments. To optimize the molar ratio of Zinc chloride and erythritol, samples with different ratios were prepared. The concentration of Zinc chloride was fixed at 6.6 mM, and erythritol was added at specific ratios. For the experiment shown in Fig. 1b , aqueous solutions containing ZnCl2-glycerol, -erythritol, -xylitol, and -sorbitol were prepared. The molar ratio of ZnCl2-glycerol and ZnCl2-erythritol was 1:3 and that of ZnCl2-xylitol and ZnCl2-sorbitol was 1:4.
5
Curcumin Compound Bioassay Protocols
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Cur (MW = 368.39 g/mol,
CAS Number 458-37-7) was purchased from Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp.
(USA). Gelatin type A (CAS Number 9000-70-8), Tween 80 (CAS Number
9005-65-6), and glycerol were purchased from Daejung (Korea). PVA
(CAS Number 9002-89-5), TA, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All other chemical reagents
used were of analytical grade.
CAS Number 458-37-7) was purchased from Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp.
(USA). Gelatin type A (CAS Number 9000-70-8), Tween 80 (CAS Number
9005-65-6), and glycerol were purchased from Daejung (Korea). PVA
(CAS Number 9002-89-5), TA, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All other chemical reagents
used were of analytical grade.
6
Pectin-based Zinc Chloride Formulation
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Pectin and zinc chloride were purchased from ES Food Co., Ltd. (Gunpo, Korea). Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was purchased from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Calcium chloride was procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Glycerol and sodium hydroxide were obtained from Daejung chemicals & Metals Co., Ltd. (Siheung, Korea).
7
Alginate-based Biomaterial Synthesis
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Sodium alginate was supplied from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. CaCl 2 and glycerol were purchased from Daejung, South Korea. Trehalose as a dihydrate form was derived from Hayashibara, Japan. Deionized water obtained from distillation using a water purification system (Pacific TII 12 UV, Thermo Scientific, Hungary).
8
Biopolymer-Based Curcumin Delivery System
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Food-grade κ-carrageenan and chitosan (CS-001, viscosity: 110 cp in 1% acetic acid solution at 25 °C; deacetylation: 90%) were obtained from Hankook Carragen (Whasoon, Jeonnam, Korea) and Samsung Chitopia (Seoul, Korea), respectively. Curcumin was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Glycerol and Tween 80 were procured from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co., Ltd. (Siheung, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea). PLA (PLLA, Biomer® L9000; average molecular weight: 200 kDa) was bought from Biomer Inc. (Krailling, Germany), and PBAT (EnPol PBG7070, m.p.: 125 °C; specific gravity: 1.20–1.25) was acquired from S-EnPol Co. Ltd., Wonju, Korea.
9
Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus cereus from Korean Soybean Paste
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A total of six B. cereus strains isolated from Korean soybean paste, including two reference strains, were used in this study (Table 1 ). Stock cultures were stored at -80°C in brain heart infusion (BHI) (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, USA) containing 15% glycerol (Daejung, Busan, Korea). The stock cultures were routinely grown on BHI agar plates and incubated at 30°C for 24 h to prepare working cultures. Overnight (18 h) broth cultures were inoculated from single colonies at 30°C. The OD at 600 nm of the culture was measured to maintain an approximate cell concentration of 7 logCFU/ml of each strain in buffered peptone water (BPW). These cultures were used in all further experiments.
10
Fabrication of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels
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sodium alginate and κ-carrageenan were dissolved in distilled water,
containing a co-polymer and/or crosslinkers. Hydrogel 1 was prepared as follows:
5% sodium alginate (Junsei chemical, Tokyo, Japan) and 1% chitosan (Carl Roth
GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) were dissolved in 40 mL of glycerol (Daejung, Siheung,
Korea). About 0.2% of CaCl2 (Samchum chemical, Pyeongtaek, Korea) was
dissolved in 60 mL of water (H2O), and this solution was added to the
glycerol mixture to provide Ca2+ ion. After stirring for 20 min, this
mixture was poured into a flat square-shaped dish (SPL life science, Pocheon,
Korea) and stored at 42℃ to dry the hydrogel for 2 days (Lee et al., 2003 (link)). Hydrogels 2, 3, and 4
were prepared as follows: 1% (hydrogel 2) or 2% of κ-carrageenan
(hydrogels 3 and 4) in 100 mL of H2O were stirred on a heat block at
80℃ (Mohamadnia et al., 2008 (link)),
followed by the addition of 1% chitosan (hydrogel 2), 1% CaCl2(hydrogel 3), or 3% CaCl2 (hydrogel 4). The solutions were poured
into the flat square-shaped plate, which were placed at room temperature
(25℃) to form hydrogels.
containing a co-polymer and/or crosslinkers. Hydrogel 1 was prepared as follows:
5% sodium alginate (Junsei chemical, Tokyo, Japan) and 1% chitosan (Carl Roth
GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) were dissolved in 40 mL of glycerol (Daejung, Siheung,
Korea). About 0.2% of CaCl2 (Samchum chemical, Pyeongtaek, Korea) was
dissolved in 60 mL of water (H2O), and this solution was added to the
glycerol mixture to provide Ca2+ ion. After stirring for 20 min, this
mixture was poured into a flat square-shaped dish (SPL life science, Pocheon,
Korea) and stored at 42℃ to dry the hydrogel for 2 days (Lee et al., 2003 (link)). Hydrogels 2, 3, and 4
were prepared as follows: 1% (hydrogel 2) or 2% of κ-carrageenan
(hydrogels 3 and 4) in 100 mL of H2O were stirred on a heat block at
80℃ (Mohamadnia et al., 2008 (link)),
followed by the addition of 1% chitosan (hydrogel 2), 1% CaCl2(hydrogel 3), or 3% CaCl2 (hydrogel 4). The solutions were poured
into the flat square-shaped plate, which were placed at room temperature
(25℃) to form hydrogels.
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