Rhamnose

Fresh fruits of L. barbarum (provided by Zhongning, Ningxia, China). Polysaccharide pellet radius (R), calculated approximately 1 mm. Ethanol, sulphuric acid, phenyl hydroxide, methenyl chloride, normal butanol, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, arabinose, D-glucose, xylan, mannose, galactose, rhamnose, 2, 2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS⁺•), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH•), mEthanol, and pyridine were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), phenazine methosulfate (PMS), nitro blue tetrazolium salt (NBT), dihydronicotineamidadenine dinucleotide (NADH).

Strains of S. commune were isolated from the fruiting bodies of wild mushroom S. commune. Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) was purchased from Gibco-BRL (Gaithersburg, MD, U.S.A.). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, streptomycin, carbazole, and 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), D-glucuronic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Ribose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-150 were obtained from the Pharmacia Co. (Sweden). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.

Four-year-old roots of P. ginseng were collected from Changbai Mountain district, Jilin, China, and were authenticated by Prof. Guangshu Wang, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
Distilled water was purchased from Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China); 1, phenanthroline, ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄), potassium ferricyanide, trichloroacetic acid, ferric chloride (FeCl₃), ferrozine, vitamin C (VC), and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) were from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), hydroxylamine hydrochloride, pyridine, acetic anhydride, chloroform, n-butanol, and ethanol were from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA); DEAE (diethyl amino ethyl) cellulose was from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); Standard sugars including mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose were from Sino-pharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); T-series Dextran standards including T-10, T-40, T-70, T-100, and T-500 kDa were from the National Institutes of Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). All of the reagents used in this study were of the highest quality available from commercial vendors and were of analytical grade.