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4 protocols using methoctramine hydrate

1

Krebs' Solution Preparation for Tissue Experiments

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During experiments, tissues were maintained in Krebs’ solution consisting of (mM): NaCl 118.4, KCl 4.7, CaCl2 2.5, MgSO4 1.2, KH2PO4 1.2, NaHCO3 25 and glucose 11.7. ATP, tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), tetrodotoxin, atropine sulfate monohydrate and carbachol were obtained from FUJIFILM-Wako (Osaka, Japan). D-tubocurarine, suramin, methoctramine hydrate, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2,4-disulfonic acid (PPADS), cibacron blue F3GA (CBF3GA; synonym reactive blue 2) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Glibenclamide and nicorandil were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). GSK1016790A was obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Apamin was obtained from Peptide Institute (Osaka, Japan). tetrodotoxin was dissolved in citrate solution. Glibenclamide, nicorandil and GSK1016790A were dissolved in DMSO. Other drugs were dissolved in distilled water. The highest concentration of vehicles (0.1%) for the drugs alone had no effect on the basal tone and contractile responses at the concentrations used. The concentrations of drugs given were final concentrations in the bath solution.
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2

Investigating Ion Channel Modulators

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Pentobarbital was obtained from The Norwegian National Hospital, Oslo, Norway; retigabine (ethyl-(2-amino-4-(4-fluorobenzylamino)-phenyl)carbamate dihydrochloride) and XE-991 dihydrochloride (10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone) from MedChem Express, Princeton, NJ, USA; chromanol 293B (trans-N-[6-Cyano-3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy- -2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-4-yl]-N-methyl-ethanesulfonamide) from Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK; ICA-27243 (N-(6-chloro-pyridin-3-yl)-3,4-difluoro-benzamide) from Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel; and methoctramine hydrate (N,N'-bis[6-[(2-methoxybenzyl)amino]hexyl]-1, 8-octanediamine tetrahydrochloride) from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Pharmacological Modulation of Cognitive Function

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Cocaine hydrochloride was supplied by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD), Scopolamine hydrobromide, telenzepine dihydrochloride hydrate, trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, tropicamide, and methoctramine hydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). AQ-RA 741 was purchased from R&D Systems, Inc (formerly Tocris, Ellisville, MO). Cocaine, scopolamine, telenzepine, and AQ-RA 741 were dissolved in 0.9% saline, methoctramine, in sterile water. Trihexyphenidyl was dissolved by gentle heating in sterile water. tropicamide was dissolved in ethanol and diluted to ≤1% ethanol in sterile water. All drug doses refer to the weights of the respective salts. Vehicles, route of administration, pretreatment times, and initial dose ranges were selected based on published reports, and adjusted empirically in initial studies [2 (link), 44 (link), 48 (link)-51 ].
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Pharmacological Modulation of Neuronal Signaling

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(−)-Bicuculline (BIC) chloride (20 µM, an A-type γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA] receptor antagonist), D-(−)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5, 10 µM, a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist), 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 10 µM, AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist), tetrodotoxin citrate (TTX, 0.5 µM, a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker), acetylcholine (ACh, 100 µM, non-selective AChR agonist), scopolamine hydrobromide (10 nM, non-selective mAChR antagonist), mecamylamine hydrochloride (10 nM, non-selective nAChR antagonist), (−)-nicotine tartrate (100 µM, nAChR agonist), PNU282987 (10 µM, alpha7 nAChR agonist), TC2559 difumarate (10 µM, alpha4beta2 nAChR agonist), and CC4 (10 uM, alpha6beta2 nAChR agonist) were all purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). Nifedipine (1 µM, L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker), (+)-muscarine chloride (Mus,10 µM, non-selective mAChR agonist), cesium chloride (Cs, 5 mM, broad-spectrum blocker of inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels), methoctramine hydrate (50 nM, M2 mAChR antagonist) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 50 nM, protein kinase C (PKC) activator) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. NS3861 (10 µM, alpha3beta2 and alpha3beta4 nAChR agonist) and PD102807 (400 nM, M4 mAChR antagonist) were purchased from Tocris (Bristol, United Kingdom).
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