Ninety caries-free human enamel specimens were used in this study: 45 permanent (premolars) and 45 deciduous (canines) human teeth. The patients had been informed about the use of their teeth for research purposes. The crown of each tooth was sectioned in the vertical mesiodistal plane, and the buccal surfaces were used in the experiment. All enamel specimens had their surfaces covered with a layer of nail polish, and they were later individually embedded in acrylic resin (Paladur, Heraeus Kulzer GmbH, Hanau, Germany). In order to obtain a flat and highly polished enamel surface, the specimens were serially ground (LabPol 21, Struers, Ballerup, Denmark) with water-cooled silicon carbide paper disks (from grit #500 to #4000) and polished with diamond paste under constant cooling. This procedure removed a standardized layer of 200 μm of the outer enamel. The specimens were then divided into three groups (each group containing 15 specimens of permanent and 15 specimens of deciduous teeth): 1. Control group (no pellicle), 2. Adult pellicle, and 3. Child pellicle and stored in a mineral solution (1.5 mmol/l CaCl 2 , 1.0 mmol/l KH 2 PO 4 , 50 mmol/l NaCl, pH = 7.0) until the time of the experiment [16] .
Paladur
Manufactured by Kulzer
Sourced in Germany
Paladur is a dental lab equipment product manufactured by Kulzer. It is used for the preparation and processing of dental materials. The core function of Paladur is to provide a controlled environment for the fabrication of dental prosthetics and restorations.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Labopol 6, by Struers (3 mentions)
Labpol 21, by Struers (2 mentions)
Coliquifilm, by Abbvie (2 mentions)
Isoflurane, by Baxter (2 mentions)
Er 7c, by Etymotic Research (2 mentions)
Isomet low speed saw, by Buehler (2 mentions)
Ketavet, by Pfizer (2 mentions)
Isotonic sodium chloride solution, by B. Braun (2 mentions)
Silicon carbide paper discs, by Struers (2 mentions)
4 0 vicryl suture, by Johnson & Johnson (2 mentions)
Isomet, by Buehler (2 mentions)
Stereotaxic frame, by Kopf Instruments (2 mentions)
Ketamine, by Troy Laboratories (1 mentions)
Medetomidine, by Troy Laboratories (1 mentions)
Atipamezole, by Troy Laboratories (1 mentions)
Rimadyl, by Zoetis (1 mentions)
Waterproof silicon carbide paper, by Struers (1 mentions)
Planopol 2, by Struers (1 mentions)
Bepanthen, by Bayer (1 mentions)
C b metabond, by Parkell (1 mentions)
51 protocols using paladur
1
Enamel Specimen Preparation and Pellicle Formation
2
Bovine Enamel Specimens for Disinfection
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Enamel specimens were obtained from unscathed bovine incisors, which were stored in 0.1% thymol solution after extraction. Enamel cylinders (diameter, 4.5 mm; 27.2 mm2 surface area; height, 0.8 mm) were prepared out of the frontal surfaces of the bovine incisors of freshly slaughtered 2-year-old cattle using a water-cooled diamond core drill. Enamel specimens were embedded in acrylic resin blocks (6 mm in diameter; Paladur, Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Germany). The surfaces were ground flat with water-cooled silicon carbide paper disks (#1200, #2500, #4000, Gekko-Papier, Struers, Birmensdorf, Switzerland), followed by fine polishing with a 3- and 1-μm diamond abrasive under constant cooling (LaboPol-6, Struers, Birmensdorf, Switzerland). The disinfection protocol of the aligner and enamel involved the removal of the superficial smear layer by air drying and ultrasonication in 70% ethanol for 3 min. Thereafter, the disinfected samples were ultrasonicated twice in double-distilled water for 10 min and finally stored in distilled water for 24 h to hydrate before use. Metal orthodontic brackets (length, 4.2 mm; width, 3.1 mm; 40.76 mm2 surface area; height, 1.9 mm) were also used as controls. A total of 96 samples were tested in two different runs (8 samples for each material group at each time point).
3
Preparation of Enamel Specimens from Bovine Teeth
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Extracted bovine teeth, which were preserved in 0.1% thymol solution, were used for preparation of enamel specimens. Then, 216 enamel cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 3 mm were prepared using a diamond trephine mill. They were embedded in acrylic resin blocks (6 mm in diameter, Paladur, Heraeus Kulzer GmbH, Hanau, Germany). All specimens were ground flat with water-cooled carborundum discs (1500, 2500 and 4000 grit, Water Proof Silicon Carbide Paper, Stuers, Erkrath, Germany).
4
In Vitro Simulated Tooth Mobility Measurement
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Tooth mobility was simulated for static and dynamic load tests using a validated in vitro system [15] (link). It was measured three times for each specimen by means of a Periotest device perp e n d i c u l a r t o t o o t h a x i s ( P E RI OT E S T C l a s s i c , Medizintechnik Gulden, Modautal, Germany). One out of at least two equal Periotest values was taken for further analysis.
To simulate tooth mobility, the roots were coated with a thin layer of autopolymerizing acrylic resin (Paladur; Heraeus Kulzer). After polymerization, the adhesive was applied on the resin-coated roots. A-polysiloxane soft cushion material (Mollosil; DETAX, Ettlingen, Germany) was placed into the simulated socket, and specimens were relocated with the aid of the positioning unit into the mold. Prior to tooth preparation, silicon impressions (Provil novo, Heraeus Kulzer) were taken and the specimens were digitized using a model scanner (inEOS; Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) from each specimen.
To simulate tooth mobility, the roots were coated with a thin layer of autopolymerizing acrylic resin (Paladur; Heraeus Kulzer). After polymerization, the adhesive was applied on the resin-coated roots. A-polysiloxane soft cushion material (Mollosil; DETAX, Ettlingen, Germany) was placed into the simulated socket, and specimens were relocated with the aid of the positioning unit into the mold. Prior to tooth preparation, silicon impressions (Provil novo, Heraeus Kulzer) were taken and the specimens were digitized using a model scanner (inEOS; Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) from each specimen.
5
Intracerebroventricular Cannula Implantation in Rats
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The rats were anesthetized with Nembutal (40 mg/kg, i.p.). An intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannula (4.5 mm in length) was stereotactically implanted into the lateral ventricle of the right hemisphere (coordinates: AP—0.8; L 1.5 from Bregma). Together with an anchor screw the cannula was fixed with dental cement (Paladur, Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Germany). The animals were allowed to recover from surgery for at least 4 days. The correct placement of the cannulas were tested by an angiotensin II (70 ng/μl; 5 μl volume) drinking test (drinking within 3 min). From 97 rats 16 rats failed to drink, 81 rats were included in the experiment. ICV application was choosen in order to circumvent effects on peripheral dopamine receptors resulting in unwanted side effects.
6
Rodent Neurophysiology Protocol: Anesthesia and Electrode Implantation
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Anesthesia was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of Xylazine (10 mg/kg) and Ketamine (90 mg/kg) and maintained with Ketamine (60 mg/kg/h). A rodent stereotact (Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL, USA, model 51653) was used with blunt ear bars to prevent damage to the middle ears. Stimulation electrodes (coaxial gold-plated with a platinum-iridium inner wire, shaft diameter of 250 µm, and tip diameter of 50 µm [Technomed, Beek, the Netherlands]) were bilaterally implanted in the DCN (coordinates from Bregma: anterior-posterior −11.1; medial-lateral 3.9; dorsal-ventral 7.8; Paxinos, 2006 ; Tan et al., 2010 (link)). In addition, two recording electrodes (Teflon-coated stainless-steel wire electrodes with exposed tip) were permanently secured to the scalp of the rats, one on the vertex and one at the mastoid bone, to record ABR. The electrode construct was secured with five stainless steel screws and dental cement (Paladur, Heraeus Kulzer GmbH, Hanau, Germany).
7
Sensory Deprivation and Myelin Development
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To study the influence of sensory experience on development of myelin, earplugs were inserted under MMF anesthesia at P10 (medetomidine: 0.5 mg/kg BW, midazolam: 5.0 mg/kg BW, Fentanyl: 0.05 mg/kg BW). The earplugs consisted of small pieces cut from an “EAR Classic II” human foam earplug, compressed and inserted into the external auditory meatus and sealed with dental cement (Paladur; Heraeus-Kulzer). Earplugs were examined on a daily basis and if necessary adjusted or reinserted. Earplugs were kept in place for 10 d and in vivo recording and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were obtained before and after earplug removal. Mice were then allowed to recover without earplugs for 15 or 25 d. Sham littermates received identical handling (without earplug insertion). Earplug procedure in the adult mice was performed as described for the young mice above.
8
Viral Injection in Mouse Visual Cortex
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Mice were anesthetized as described above for toxin injections and placed in a stereotaxic frame (Narishige, SR-5M). Coliquifilm (Allergan) was applied to the eyes to prevent dehydration during surgery. A thin iron ring and a metal bar for head fixation during imaging were glued to the skull38 (link). A 3 mm diameter craniotomy was made above the primary visual cortex, 2.5 mm lateral from the medial blood vessel and 1.0 mm frontal from the coronal blood vessel. The cortical surface was kept moist with a buffer (135 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 5 mM HEPES, 1.8 mM CaCl2, pH 7.2). 100 nl AAV was slowly injected into the visual cortex at a depth of 100–400 µm using a borosilicate glass micropipette (tip diameter 30 µm) at multiple (3–5) sites. After viral injection, the cortex was covered with a 3 mm diameter glass coverslip and sealed with dental acrylic cement (Paladur, Heraeus Kulzer). Dental acrylic cement was also used to mount a head bar on the skull to immobilize the mouse during imaging38 (link).
9
Enamel Demineralization Microhardness Evaluation
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The degree of enamel demineralization was indirectly determined by microhardness testing. The bracket-buccal bonded interface was positioned flat, in contact with the bottom of a tube containing the demineralizing solution, and fully submerged in 1.5 mL of the solution (pH 4).The specimens were then cut sagittally into mesial and distal halves at the center of the bracket using a low-speed water-cooled diamond saw. The cut face of the sectioned specimens was left exposed as they were embedded in acrylic resin blocks (Paladur, Heraeus-Kulzer, Hanau, Germany).Wet silicon carbide papers (Microcut ™, Buehler, Lake Bluff, USA) with different grades (600, 800, and 1200 grit) were used to polish the cut surfaces of the resin-embedded specimens. Diamond cream and a 1 μm polishing-cloth disc were used for the finishing polish. A hardness tester with a Vickers diamond indenter was used to measure the microhardness, with a load of 50 g and a dwell time of 15 s. Under the bracket, 30 μm from the exterior enamel surface, indentations were produced on the buccal surface [16 (link)]. Three readings were averaged to get one from each specimen.
10
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coil Implantation
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For all mice, a coil support was attached to the skull to allow secure positioning of the coil for LI-rTMS or sham (coil switched off as no stimulation control; Fig. 1A ). The coil support was constructed from a P20 pipette tip (Beckman-Coulter), trimmed 15 mm from the apex and fixed to a dental cement base (Paladur, Heraeus Kulzer).
To implant the coil supports, animals were deeply anaesthetized (75 mg/kg ketamine and 1 mg/kg medetomidine i.p.; Troy Laboratories), and an incision was made to expose the skull. Connective tissue on the skull surface was gently blunt-dissected. Cyanoacrylate (Uhu) was applied to the underside of the dental cement base to adhere it to the skull. The coil support fixation to the skull was then reinforced by applying further dental cement to the join between the (already set) dental cement base and the mouse skull. Excess glue and dental cement were removed, and the skin was sutured around the base of the pipette, leaving the tip accessible (Silkam, Aesculap). Pipette tips were trimmed to extend 10 mm from the surface of the skin. Anesthetic reversal (10 mg/kg atipamezole; Troy Laboratories) was injected subcutaneously.
To implant the coil supports, animals were deeply anaesthetized (75 mg/kg ketamine and 1 mg/kg medetomidine i.p.; Troy Laboratories), and an incision was made to expose the skull. Connective tissue on the skull surface was gently blunt-dissected. Cyanoacrylate (Uhu) was applied to the underside of the dental cement base to adhere it to the skull. The coil support fixation to the skull was then reinforced by applying further dental cement to the join between the (already set) dental cement base and the mouse skull. Excess glue and dental cement were removed, and the skin was sutured around the base of the pipette, leaving the tip accessible (Silkam, Aesculap). Pipette tips were trimmed to extend 10 mm from the surface of the skin. Anesthetic reversal (10 mg/kg atipamezole; Troy Laboratories) was injected subcutaneously.
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