Toxicity bioassays were carried out through the topical application of chlorpyrifos (technical grade chlorpyrifos (95%) was purchased from Dow Agro Sciences, Shanghai, China). Acute toxicity was evaluated on third instar larvae (<24 h) by treating them with seven concentrations of chlorpyrifos (3.12, 6.25, 12.50, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1) prepared by diluting chlorpyrifos in acetone to determine the sublethal concentrations. For every concentration, four replicates were established each containing 15 individuals. Larvae were placed in a small glass tube and immobilized with a small amount of CO2 for 4–5 s, and the ventral side of the abdomen of each larva was topically treated with 1 µL of chlorpyrifos solution with a micro-applicator (Burkard, Rickmansworth, UK). Larvae in the control group were treated with 1 µL acetone. Individuals from treatment and control groups were reared in a controlled condition chamber at 23 ± 2 °C, 68 ± 5% RH, under a 16:8 h light:dark photoperiod, and live aphids were provided ad libitum. After treatment, larvae were checked daily to record mortality until either they died or developed to the next stage, and after 72 h of treatment, acute mortality data were recorded. Larvae showing no movement when softly pushed with a soft brush were considered to be dead [47 (link)].
Chlorpyrifos
Manufactured by Dow
Sourced in China
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide used in laboratory settings. It is a colorless, odorless crystalline solid. Chlorpyrifos is primarily used as a pesticide to control a variety of insects.
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Lab products found in correlation
4 protocols using chlorpyrifos
1
Acute Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos on Aphid Larvae
2
Efficacy of Insecticides against S. exigua
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Nine insecticides were selected because of their use for control of S. exigua: emamectin benzoate (90%; Nanjing Redsun, China); spinosad (90%; Dow AgroSciences, China); indoxacarb (94%; DuPont, China); chlorpyrifos (97%; Dow AgroSciences, China); alpha-cypermethrin (99%; Shandong Dacheng Pesticide, China); tebufenozide (95%; Dow AgroSciences, China); chlorfenapyr (94.5%; BASF Aktiengesellschaft, China); chlorantraniliprole (95.3%; DuPont, China); methomyl (98%; Jiangsu Changlong Chemicals, China).
3
Rapid Chlorpyrifos Degradation by Cladosporium cladosporioides
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Technical grade chlorpyrifos (96% purity) was obtained from Dow AgroSciences, USA. All other chemicals and solvents used were analytical grade.
Activated sludge samples were collected as inoculum from a pesticide-manufacturing wastewater treatment system and chlorpyrifos-degrading fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides Hu-01 was screened and isolated [16] (link). This strain was deposited in China Center for Type Culture Collection under the collection No. CCTCC M 20711. The constant-temperature culture method was referred to Gao et al. [22] and the conditions were inoculum amount 0.1% (wet fungi), 28°C and 150 rpm on a rotary shaker for 5 days. Previously, the degradation of chlorpyrifos by strain Hu-01 was determined. 92.7% of chlorpyrifos at the initial concentration of 25 mg·L−1 was degraded in half hour, which revealed that strain Hu-01 can significantly reduce chlorpyrifos residue.
Activated sludge samples were collected as inoculum from a pesticide-manufacturing wastewater treatment system and chlorpyrifos-degrading fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides Hu-01 was screened and isolated [16] (link). This strain was deposited in China Center for Type Culture Collection under the collection No. CCTCC M 20711. The constant-temperature culture method was referred to Gao et al. [22] and the conditions were inoculum amount 0.1% (wet fungi), 28°C and 150 rpm on a rotary shaker for 5 days. Previously, the degradation of chlorpyrifos by strain Hu-01 was determined. 92.7% of chlorpyrifos at the initial concentration of 25 mg·L−1 was degraded in half hour, which revealed that strain Hu-01 can significantly reduce chlorpyrifos residue.
4
Spinosad and Insecticide Cross-Resistance Evaluation
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The bioinsecticide spinosad was used in its commercial formulation registered for use in tomato fields against the tomato borer (480 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, Dow AgroSciences, Franco da Rocha, SP, Brazil) [18] . The insecticides used in the cross-resistance bioassays were (the commercial formulations used are indicated between parentheses): abamectin (18 g a.i./L, emulsifiable concentrate, Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), cartap (500 g a.i./Kg, soluble powder, Iharabras, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), chlorantraniliprole (200 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, DuPont Brazil, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), chlorfenapyr (240 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, BASF S.A., São Paulo, SP, Brazil), chlorpyrifos (480 g a.i., emulsifiable concentrate, Dow AgroSciences, Santo Amaro, SP, Brazil), indoxacarb (300 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, DuPont Brazil, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), permethrin (384 g a.i./L, emulsifiable concentrate, FMC Química do Brazil, Campinas, SP, Brazil), spinetoram (250 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, Dow AgroSciences, Franco da Rocha, SP, Brazil), and thiamethoxam (250 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO-90%) and S,S,S – Tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF-98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, EUA).
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