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63 protocols using spectrum 10

1

Characterization of Formulated Nanoparticles

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Standard characterization techniques viz., Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopic (SEM), and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses were performed to characterize the formulated nanoparticles. FTIR analyses were performed using FTIR spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer spectrum-10.5.1). The FTIR spectra of crude extract and prepared NPs were recorded in the range of 4000–400 cm−1. Morphology and size of NPs particles were determined using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses. Samples of nanoparticles were mounted on metal stubs, gold-coated under vacuum, and then examined on a JEOL-5600 Lv microscope (Joel, Tokyo, Japan). Thermal gravimetric studies of crude extract and prepared NPs were performed with the help of Diamond Series TG/DTA Perkin Elmer, USA analyzer using Al2O3 as reference. The sample was heated at a rate of 10 °C/min in the range of 40–300 °C.
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2

Infrared Spectroscopy of Amorphous Solid Water

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Similar
experiments were performed on an FTIR spectrometer (Frontier,
PerkinElmer) using the same sample environment, with both Kapton (see
the Supporting Information) and CaF2 windows. The FTIR transmission spectra of ASW were measured
during vapor deposition for 115 min (Figure 1) and 260 min (see the Supporting Information) and the following heating processes.
The p-ASW sample was heated to distinct temperatures between Tm = 80 and 155 K. The sample was kept at each
temperature for 10 min to equilibrate before recording the FTIR spectra.
Additionally, we performed a heating-quenching procedure, hence quenching
to 80 K in between each heating step, to allow for a same-temperature
comparison.
Each spectrum was recorded in a spectral range of 6000–1300
cm–1 with a resolution of 2.0 cm–1, using an acquisition of six scans with a total duration of 60 s.
A background spectrum was taken just before the start of the vapor
deposition. Background correction and data acquisition were done using
the software “Spectrum 10.5.1” from PerkinElmer.
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3

FT-IR Analysis of Freeze-Dried Extracts

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Ten milligrams of each freeze-dried extract were dispersed and encapsulated in 100 mg of potassium bromide (KBr) to form a thin translucent sample disc for FT-IR analysis. The disc was then placed in a sample cup of a diffuse reflectance accessory. FT-IR experiments were performed using PerkinElmer 2000 infrared spectrometer (PerkinElmer, Inc. MA, USA) to identify the characteristic functional groups in the sample. The spectra were measured by Spectrum 10.03.09.0139 software® (PerkinElmer Inc., MA, USA) and recorded within a range of 4000–400 cm−1, with a resolution of 4 cm−1.
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4

Attenuated Total Reflectance FTIR Analysis

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The FTIR spectra of the samples were read at room temperature (20°C) using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and an internal reflection element made of diamond using Spectrum Two instrument (Perkin Elmer Inc., USA). The spectral region was 4000–400 cm−1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1. The spectra were measured by Spectrum 10.03.09.0139 software (Perkin Elmer Inc., USA). ATR scan technique was used directly for all the samples. The freeze-dried extracts were analyzed, without any preparation, directly on the diamond ATR crystal. The ATR crystal was carefully cleansed between the measurement using solvent and acetone.
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5

Quantitative FTIR Analysis of Osteogenic Differentiation

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17IIA11 and MLO-A5 cells were cultured in osteogenic or growth media for 9 days. Then cells were washed with saline, collected and lyophilized overnight. Five mg of each lyophilized cell culture sample were ground and mixed with 135 mg of dry potassium bromide (KBr) powder and pressed into a pellet. FTIR spectra from three biological replicates per experimental group were collected at room temperature in the transmission mode with 64 scans per spectrum and the resolution of 4 cm−1, using Bruker Vertex 70 FTIR spectrometer operated by OPUS software (Bruker Optics, Bellerica, MA). The spectra were further processed using Spectrum 10.02 software package (PerkinElmer) in the exactly the same way. Specifically, the automated baseline correction, 5 point running average smoothing and normalization using Amide I peak maximum as 1 were carried out. The crystallinity and mineral to organic ratio analyses were performed using Spectrum software package and Origin Pro 2016 (Origin Lab) according to published procedures [28 (link), 29 (link)]. The details of the analyses are described in supplementary materials.
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6

Mineralization Analysis of SerpinB2-Deficient Cells

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FTIR spectroscopy was used to analyze mineralization in SerpinB2-deficient and 17IIA11 control cell lines on day 0, 5, and 8 of osteogenic differentiation. Four replicates from each group at each time point were collected. The cell sheets were scraped from the cell culture dishes, frozen in liquid N2 and lyophilized. Five mg of lyophilized material from each sample were ground and mixed with 135 mg of potassium bromide (KBr), and pressed into a pellet at 1100 kg/cm2 for 30 s using a hydraulic press. FTIR spectra of each sample was acquired at room temperature in the transmission mode, at a resolution of 4 cm−1, and 64 scans per spectrum, using Bruker Vertex 70 FTIR spectrometer and Opus 6.5 software. Analyses were performed using Spectrum 10.02 software package (Perkin Elmer) and Origin Pro 2016 (OriginLab) to determine the mineral/protein ratio and the degree of mineral crystallinity for each sample. The details of the analyses are described in supplementary materials.
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7

FTIR Spectroscopy of Freeze-Dried Samples

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Absorption spectra from the freeze-dried samples were obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Perkin Elmer; Boston, MA, USA) equipped with attenuated total reflectance (ATR). This technique was based on the methodology described by Rahimi and M. Mikani with some modifications [22 (link)]. Samples were placed in intimate contact with the diamond crystal by applying a loading pressure and scanned in a range of 400 cm−1 to 4000 cm−1 at room temperature. The results were analyzed with Spectrum TM 10 software (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA, USA).
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8

FTIR Spectroscopy of Samples

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Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Perkin Elmer; Boston, MA, USA) equipment was used to obtain absorption spectra within the range of 380 to 4000 cm−1 wavelengths at room temperature. Samples were placed in intimate contact with the diamond crystal by applying a loading pressure. Four scans with an average of 4 cm−1 resolution were represented in each sample. Automatic signals were collected in 3620 scans with a resolution of 1 cm−1. The spectrum of an empty cell was used as a background. Results were analyzed with SpectrumTM 10 software (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA, USA).
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9

FTIR Analysis of L-Arginine Polymer

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The FTIR spectra of l-Arginine-based polymer and the PMZ/Arg-PA NCs were obtained using a PerkinElmer FTIR spectrometer (Akron, OH, USA). The FTIR spectra were further analyzed using SpectrumTM 10 software obtained from PerkinElmer (OH, USA). A few milligrams were positioned on the main lens, the FTIR scans were recorded over the range of 500–4000 cm−1, and the resolution was set at 2 cm−1.
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10

FTIR Characterization of Cryogel Functional Groups

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The functional groups in the cryogels were characterized using a FTIR-DR Frontier SP8000 spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with a deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) detector and controlled with the Spectrum 10.4.2 software (Perkin Elmer Ltd, Bucks, UK). The ground samples (<250 µm) were placed in a diffuse reflectance (DR) sample holder and DR spectra were collected in a range of 400–4000 cm−1 at a resolution of 4 cm−1 by co-adding 32 scans. A background spectrum was obtained against air every day during the experiment. The spectra of both PVA and WS cryogels were collected in transmittance mode in quadruplicate and the average value was used.
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