Bx51 compound microscope

The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 550D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Vulvae were cleared in lactic acid. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specimens were air-dried, sputter-coated using IXRF SYSTEMS, and imaged with a Hitachi TM3030 SEM. All measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are in millimeters. The type material is deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Shenyang, China.
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: a = apodemes; ALE = anterior lateral eyes; cd = copulatory duct; dp = dorsal process; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior median eyes; po = pore; pp = prolateral process; rp = retrolateral process; ss = star-shaped structure; ssc = stick-shaped sclerite; trs = transverse sclerites; vp = ventral process; vsp = ventral small process; wa = wing-shaped appendices; XTBG = Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden.

The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 550D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Vulvae were cleared in lactic acid. Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) were taken under high vacuum with a Hitachi TM3030 after critical point drying and gold-palladium coating. All measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are in millimeters. The type material is deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (IZCAS).
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; ap = apodeme; bls = brush-like structures; dl = dorsal lobe; hss = horseshoe-shaped sclerite; ldi = labium deep incision; pl = posterior lobe; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior median eyes; pr = posterior receptaculum; tls = tube-like structure; tsc = T-shaped sclerite; vl = ventral lobe.

The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 750D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Endogyne were cleared in lactic acid. Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) were taken under high vacuum with a Hitachi S-4800 after critical-point drying and gold-palladium coating. All measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are in millimeters. The terminology used in the text and figures follows Tong et al. (2018) (link) and Tong and Li (2020) (link). The type material is deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Shenyang, China (curator: Yanfeng Tong).

The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 550D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Vulvae were cleared in lactic acid. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specimens were air-dried, sputter coated using IXRF SYSTEMS, and imaged with a Hitachi TM3030 SEM. All measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are in millimeters. The type material is deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Shenyang, China (curator: Yanfeng Tong).
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; am = anterior membrane; ami = anterior median indentation; ap = anterior protrusion; apo = apodemes; bp = basal protrusion; csp = cone-shaped protuberance; dp = distal protrusion; lt = large tooth; PLE= posterior lateral eyes; pm = posterior membrane; PME = posterior lateral eyes; pp = posterior protrusion; pr = posterior receptaculum; ss = slit sensillum; tls = tube-like structure; tsc = T-shaped sclerite.

The specimens were examined in 95% ethanol using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details were studied with an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were taken with a Canon EOS 750D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Vulvae were cleared in lactic acid. Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) were taken in a high vacuum under a Hitachi TM3030 after critical point drying and gold-palladium coating. All measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are given in millimeters in the text. The materials are preserved in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (IZCAS).
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures:
ab anterior branch
ALE anterior lateral eyes
ALE–PLE distance ALE–PLEap apodeme
as anterior sclerite
boc booklung covers
bts bent thick setae
cmp clypeus median projection
cos comb-like setae
db dorsal branch
ds dorsal setae
emb embolus
esb elevated seta base
glo globular structure
lb lateral branch
ldi labium deep incision
ls long setae
mb median branch
ml median lobe
PLE posterior lateral eyes
PME posterior median eyes
psp posterior spiracle;
sep semicircular plate
smb small median branch
svl small ventral lobe
tba transverse bars
tp triangular plate
tsc transverse sclerite
vb ventral branch
vs ventral setae

The specimens were examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Vulvae were cleared in lactic acid. Photomicroscope images were made with a Canon EOS 750D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Photos were stacked with Helicon Focus 6.7.1 and processed in Adobe Photoshop CC 2020. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specimens were air-dried, sputter-coated using IXRF SYSTEMS, and imaged with a Hitachi TM3030 SEM. All measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are in millimeters. All specimens are preserved in 75% ethanol. The type material is deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Shenyang, China.
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: a = apodeme; ALE = anterior lateral eye; ca = conical apophysis; css = chestnut-shaped structure; dm = dorsal membrane; flp = flag-like process; llp = leaf-like projection; nlm = needle-like membrane; PLE = posterior lateral eye; PME = posterior median eye; rlp = ridge-like protuberance; sls = snout-like structure; ssd = semicircle-shaped depression; sss = semicircle-shaped structure; stp = strong, tooth-like projection; vp = ventral projection; vpr = ventral protuberance; wd = winding duct.

The specimens used in this study were collected by pitfall trapping and later examined using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Details of body parts and copulatory organs were studied under an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Endogynes were cleared in lactic acid and left male palps were removed to provide detailed illustrations. Photos were made with a Canon EOS 750D zoom digital camera (18 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Scanning electron microscope images (SEM) were taken under high vacuum with a Hitachi S-4800, specimens were air-dried and sputter-coated using IXRF SYSTEMS. All measurements were taken using an Olympus BX51 compound microscope and are given in millimetres.
Type material is deposited in Shenyang Normal University (SYNU) in Liaoning, China.
The following abbreviations are used in the text and figures: ALE = anterior lateral eyes; ap = apodemes; as = anterior sclerite; cd = copulatory duct; PLE = posterior lateral eyes; PME = posterior median eyes; psr = posterior scutal ridge; rlf = retrolateral fold; spr = semicircular, prolateral rim; tmp = triangular median plate; tss = triangular sclerotised structure; va = ventral appendices; vp = ventral process.