Tauromuricholic acid

Cholic acid (CA), glycoCholic acid (GCA), tauroCholic acid (TCA), chenodeoxyCholic acid (CDCA), glycochenodeoxyCholic acid (GCDCA), taurochenodeoxyCholic acid (TCDCA), ursodeoxyCholic acid (UDCA), glycoursodeoxyCholic acid (GUDCA), tauroursodeoxyCholic acid (TUDCA), deoxyCholic acid (DCA), glycodeoxyCholic acid (GDCA), taurodeoxyCholic acid (TDCA), taurolithoCholic acid (TLCA), and cortisone acetate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). α-MuriCholic acid (α-MCA) and tauromuriCholic acid (TMCA) were purchased from Steraloids Inc (Newport, RI, USA). All other reagents and solvents were of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade. Deionized water was purified using a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). S. baicalensis Georgi (Hebei Province), G. uralensis Fisch (Inner Mongolia of China), P. lactiflora Pall (Anhui Province), and Z. jujuba Mill (Henan Province) were authenticated by Dr. Ehu Liu (State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, China).

Baicalin (>98%) was purchased from Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Meilunbio, Dalian, China). EE was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Standards for BAs for cholic acid (CA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), tauromuricholic acid (T-MCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycoursodesoxycholic acid (GUDCA), glycohyocholic acid (GHDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), taurohyocholic acid (THDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), and interior label d4-glycochenodeoxycholic acid (d4-GCDCA) were obtained from Steraloids (Newport, RI, USA).
Antibodies directed against FXR, CAR, PXR, VDR, cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) were purchased from Absin Biochemical Company (Shanghai, China). Antibodies directed against Sirt1, HNF-1α, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and NF-κB were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). An antibody against BSEP was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA). And an antibody against MRP2 was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK).