Methylammonium iodide mai

All organic solvents—dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), chlorobenzene (CB), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and acetonitrile (ACN)—were purchased in anhydrous, ultra-pure grade from Sigma Aldrich (Munich, Germany), and used as received. Solar cells were fabricated on SnO₂:F (FTO) coated glass TEC8 from GreatCellSolar (Queanbeyan, Australia). The precursor for NiO hole transporting layer—Tris (ethylenediamine) nickel acetate (TED-NiA)—was synthesized accordingly to the route described in previous work and dissolved in 1.0 M concentration in ethylene glycol (analytical grade). Copper iodide (99.999% trace metal basis, powder) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Lead Iodide (99.99%, trace metals basis from TCI Chemicals, Zwijndrecht, Belgium) and methylammonium iodide (MAI, 99.99% purity from GreatcellSolar) were used for perovskite ink. Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM, >99% purity) and bathocuproine (BCP, >99.8% sublimed grade) were purchased from Osilla Inc. (Sheffield, UK) and used for electron transport layers (ETLs) fabrication.

All chemicals were used as received without further purification. SnO₂ 15% in H₂O colloidal dispersion (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA), deionized water (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA), perovskite precursor: formamidinium iodide (FAI, 99.995%, GreatCell Solar, Queanbeyan, Australia), Methylammonium Iodide (MAI, 99.995% GreatCell Solar), methylammonium chloride (MACl, 98% GreatCell Solar), benzamidine hydrochloride (Ph-FACl, 99.95%, Sigma Aldrich), PbI₂ (99.99%, TCI Japan, Tokyo, Japan), dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%, Acros, Geel, Belgium), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.9%, Acros), isopropanol (IPA, 99.5%, Acros Organics), X60 (99.8%, Dyen-amo, Stockholm, Sweden), 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP, 96%, Sigma Aldrich), Li-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI, 99.95%, Sigma Aldrich), Acetonitrile (ACN, 99.8%, Acros Organics), Chlorobenzene (CB, 99.8%, Acros Organics), 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (EMIM-TFSI, 98%, TCI America, Portland, OR, USA), MoO₃ (99.99%, J.K Lesker, Jefferson Hills, PA, USA), Ag (99.999%, J.K Lesker).

PbI₂ (99.99%) and chiral (S, R)1-(2-naphthyl)ethylamine (NEA) were
purchased from TCI. Methylammonium iodide (MAI) (>99%) was purchased
from Greatcell Solar. DMF, DMSO and chlorobenzene were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Hydroiodic acid, methanol, ethanol and other solvents
were purchased from Fisher Scientific. All chemicals were directly
used without further purification. Quartz substrates were obtained
from Ossila.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS, P AI 4083) was bought from Heraeus Co. (Hanau, Germany). 6,6-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) was purchased from Nano-C Inc. (Westwood, MA, USA). 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) was obtained from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp (Xi’an, China). CsI was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methylammonium Iodide (MAI) was provided by Great Cell Solar (Queanbeyan, Australia). Pb(Ac)₂ was provided by Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan).

For perovskite layer, lead (II) iodide (99.999%, ultra dry) from Alfa Aesar, lead (II) bromide (perovskite precursor grade) from TCI, formamidinium iodide (FAI, Greatcell Solar), methylammonium iodide (MAI, Greatcell Solar), methylammonium bromide (MABr, Greatcell Solar) and methylamine hydrochloride (≥98%, MACl, Sigma-Aldrich)) were used. Tin (IV) oxide solution (15% in H₂O) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (75 wt% in isopropanol), Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (≥99%, Li-TFSI) and 4-tert-butyl pyridine (98%, TBP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. N2,N2,N2′,N2′,N7,N7,N7′,N7′-octakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9,9′-spirobi[9H-fluorene]-2,2′,7,7′-tetramine (99%, Spiro-OMeTAD), and Tris(2-(1H -pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine) - cobalt(III) Tris(bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide)) (>99%, FK209 Co(III) TFSI) were purchased from LumTec. Mesoporous TiO₂ paste was purchased from ShareChem. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (#4002-E or #4002-EE) was purchased from Rieke Metals. All the other chemicals including organic solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich if they are not noted.