Observation and sample preparation at Kyoto University are as follows. Surface morphology of about 300 grains was observed by a JEOL
JSM-7001F FE–SEM. We observed them 15 pA current and 2 kV acceleration voltage. FIB sections were prepared using a Thermo Fisher
Helios FIB–SEM. Selected areas were cut out with a 30 kV Ga
+ ion beam. Before the extraction, the target areas were Pt-C coated by a 2 kV electron beam. Then, Pt-C was deposited on the target areas by 16 or 30 kV Ga
+ ion beams. The sections mounted on the TEM grids were thinned to a thickness of 50 to 200 nm on the 12 or 16 kV Ga
+ ion beams. The damaged layers were removed using a 2 kV Ga
+ ion beam. About 70 FIB sections were prepared and investigated by the team. In parallel with the above work, we also performed FIB and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy under air-free conditions using an air-tight FIB–SEM sample transfer holder and a double tilt LN
2 Atmos Defend Holder (Mel-Build Corporation) at Kyushu University. Another air-tight sample holder was used to transfer the samples. An Ar-filled glove box was used for sample handling. A Thermo Fisher
Scios FIB–SEM was used for the observation of about 500 grains and for FIB processing of space-weathered grains. The conditions of the FIB psrocessing are similar to those at Kyoto University.
Noguchi T., Matsumoto T., Miyake A., Igami Y., Haruta M., Saito H., Hata S., Seto Y., Miyahara M., Tomioka N., Ishii H.A., Bradley J.P., Ohtaki K.K., Dobrică E., Leroux H., Le Guillou C., Jacob D., de la Peña F., Laforet S., Marinova M., Langenhorst F., Harries D., Beck P., Phan T.H., Rebois R., Abreu N.M., Gray J., Zega T., Zanetta P.M., Thompson M.S., Stroud R., Burgess K., Cymes B.A., Bridges J.C., Hicks L., Lee M.R., Daly L., Bland P.A., Zolensky M.E., Frank D.R., Martinez J., Tsuchiyama A., Yasutake M., Matsuno J., Okumura S., Mitsukawa I., Uesugi K., Uesugi M., Takeuchi A., Sun M., Enju S., Takigawa A., Michikami T., Nakamura T., Matsumoto M., Nakauchi Y., Abe M., Arakawa M., Fujii A., Hayakawa M., Hirata N., Hirata N., Honda R., Honda C., Hosoda S., Iijima Y.I., Ikeda H., Ishiguro M., Ishihara Y., Iwata T., Kawahara K., Kikuchi S., Kitazato K., Matsumoto K., Matsuoka M., Mimasu Y., Miura A., Morota T., Nakazawa S., Namiki N., Noda H., Noguchi R., Ogawa N., Ogawa K., Okada T., Okamoto C., Ono G., Ozaki M., Saiki T., Sakatani N., Sawada H., Senshu H., Shimaki Y., Shirai K., Sugita S., Takei Y., Takeuchi H., Tanaka S., Tatsumi E., Terui F., Tsukizaki R., Wada K., Yamada M., Yamada T., Yamamoto Y., Yano H., Yokota Y., Yoshihara K., Yoshikawa M., Yoshikawa K., Fukai R., Furuya S., Hatakeda K., Hayashi T., Hitomi Y., Kumagai K., Miyazaki A., Nakato A., Nishimura M., Soejima H., Suzuki A.I., Usui T., Yada T., Yamamoto D., Yogata K., Yoshitake M., Connolly HC J.r., Lauretta D.S., Yurimoto H., Nagashima K., Kawasaki N., Sakamoto N., Okazaki R., Yabuta H., Naraoka H., Sakamoto K., Tachibana S., Watanabe S.I, & Tsuda Y. (2022). A dehydrated space-weathered skin cloaking the hydrated interior of Ryugu. Nature Astronomy, 7(2), 170-181.