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1

Quantifying Inflammatory Proteins in CIA Mice

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Total proteins were extracted from the paw of CIA mice, and their concentration was determined using a BCA assay (Beyotime). Protein samples were applied and separated on 10% NuPAGE gel (Invitrogen), followed by transferring onto PVDF membranes (Millipore Inc.). Membranes were blocked in 5% non‐fat dry milk and 0.1% Tween‐20 for 1 h, followed by incubation overnight with primary antibody against mouse NF‐κB p50 (Abcam; ab32360), NF‐κB p65 (Cell Signalling; #8242T), Act 1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; sc‐100647), TRAF6 (Immunoway; YT4720), IL‐17RA (Absin Bioscience; abs140681) and GAPDH (Absin Bioscience; abs100005) diluted at 1:1000 in blocking solution. Next, the HRP‐conjugated secondary antibody (Absin Bioscience) at a dilution of 1:8000 was used to incubate the membranes for 2 h. Immunoreactive proteins were visualized using Tanon high‐sig ECL Western blotting Substrate and Tanon 5200 multifunction laser‐scanning system (Tanon).
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2

Protein Expression Analysis in CIA Mice

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Total proteins were extracted from the paw of CIA mice and their concentration was determined using a BCA assay (Beyotime, Nanjing, CHN). Protein samples were applied and separated on 10% NuPAGE gel (Invitrogen, New York, NY), followed by transferring onto PVDF membranes (Millipore Inc., Darmstadt, Germany). Membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat dry milk and 0.1% Tween-20 for 1 h, followed by incubation overnight with primary antibody against mouse NF-κB p50 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK, ab32360), NF-κB p65 (Cell signaling, Danvers, MA, #8242T), Act 1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, sc-100647), TRAF6 (Immunoway, Suzhou, CHN, YT4720), IL-17RA (Absin Bioscience, Shanghai, CHN, abs140681), and GAPDH (Absin Bioscience, Shanghai, CHN, abs100005) diluted at 1:1000 in blocking solution. Next, the HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (Absin Bioscience, Shanghai, CHN) at a dilution of 1:8,000 was used to incubate the membranes for 2 h. Immunoreactive proteins were visualized using Tanon high-sig ECL Western blotting Substrate and Tanon 5200 multifunction laser-scanning system (Tanon, CHN).
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3

Western Blot Analysis of Cellular Proteins

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The cells were washed with PBS before being lysed in lysis buffer that can extract both cytoplasm proteins and nucleoproteins. The sample was stored at −80°C. Samples containing an equal amount of proteins were mixed with 5x SDS loading buffer and electrophoresed on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. The proteins were then transferred onto PVDF membrane (Millipore). The membranes were blocked and probed with antibodies anti-NFAT2 (CST), TRAF6 (Immunoway), p-NF-κBp65 (Immunoway), PCNA (Immunoway), p65 (Immunoway), and β-actin (Proteintech group). The membranes were incubated with specific primary antibodies overnight at 4°C at a 1 : 1000 dilution. Subsequently, the membranes were washed with TBS/T for 15 min, three times, and incubated for 1 h with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Abbkine). The protein was visualized with chemiluminescence, and a densitometric scanner was used to determine the density of the band. All experiments were repeated at least three times independently.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Liver Proteins

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Liver tissues were lysed in ice-cold RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) containing protease inhibitors and phosphatase inhibitors and then centrifuged at 12000 g for 15 min at 4°C and collected the supernatants carefully. Protein concentrations were determined by BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, China). Equivalent amounts of protein were separated by 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to PVDF membranes. The membranes were blocked in 5% (w/v) nonfat milk powder in TBST (Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween) for 1 h at room temperature. The membranes were incubated with rabbit primary antibodies for TLR4, NF-κB, MYD88, TRAF6, P38, p-P38, JNK1/2, p-JNK1/2, and β-actin from ImmunoWay Biotechnology Company (Plano, TX, USA), respectively, diluted in blocking buffer at 4°C overnight. After washing with TBST for 3 times, the membranes were incubated with peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1 : 5000, Abcam USA) for 1 h at room temperature and then washed with TBST for 3 times. The immunoblots were developed using a chemiluminescence kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, China) and visualized by a chemiluminescence system (Tanon 5200). The band intensity was quantified using ImageJ, normalized to β-actin.
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