For in vitro experiments, sorafenib (Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA) and fluvastatin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) were dissolved in DMSO. For in vivo experiments, sorafenib was dissolved in a Cremophor EL-ethanol solution (50:50, Sigma Cremophor EL :95% ethyl alcohol) and diluted with distilled water [7 (link)], while fluvastatin was dissolved in distilled water.
Fluvastatin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Fluvastatin is a synthetic statin medication used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. It is a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Simvastatin, by Merck Group (20 mentions)
Atorvastatin, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Lovastatin, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Rosuvastatin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Pravastatin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Mevastatin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Cerivastatin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Mevalonate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Farnesyl pyrophosphate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
M2 10b4 cells, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Mouse leptin quantikine elisa kit, by R&D Systems (2 mentions)
Cd 1 mice, by Charles River Laboratories (2 mentions)
Stat3, by Cell Signaling Technology (2 mentions)
Lipoprotein deficient serum, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cholesterol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dii labeled ldl, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Squalene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Verteporfin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dulbecco phosphate buffered saline (dpbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
40 protocols using fluvastatin
1
Sorafenib and Fluvastatin Dissolution
2
Preparation of Stock Solutions
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Stock solutions were prepared as follows: Barium (Merck, cat. nr. 1.01719) at 1 M in H2O, sterile filtered; betaxolol (Merck, cat. nr. 1069903) at 0.1 M in H2O; dinoprostone (Merck, cat. nr. D2250000) at 0.1 M in EtOH; ethosuximide (Merck, cat. nr. E7138) at 0.1 M in EtOH; fluvastatin (Merck, cat. nr. SML0038) at 10 mM in H2O; glibenclamide (Merck, cat. nr. G0639) at 0.1 M in DMSO; latanoprost (Merck, cat. nr. PHR 1884) at 1 mM in EtOH; levobetaxolol (Cayman Chemical, cat. nr. 33435-250) at 0.1 M in H2O; travoprost (Toronto Research Chemicals, cat. nr. T715600) at 10 mM in DMSO. Barium was stored at 4°C and all other compounds were stored at −20°C until use.
3
Statin-Lipid Interaction Analysis
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The
lipids used in the experiments include
cholesterol (Chol), which was purchased from Merck and egg sphingomyelin
(SM) from Avanti Polar Lipids. High-purity organic solvents (HPLC
grade) obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) such as chloroform
(for Chol) and chloroform/methanol 4:1 v/v mixtures (for SM) were
used to prepare lipid solutions. In order to ensure physiological
conditions during the measurements, the PBS buffer in Milli-Q water (resistivity 18.2 MΩ, Millipore) with the
concentration of 0.01 M and pH 7.4 was used as the subphase. High-purity
≥ 98% statins, sodium salts of fluvastatin, FLU and cerivastatin,
CER were also purchased from Merck. Therefore, throughout the text
the abbreviations FLU and CER refer to the drugs in their sodium salt
form present in the experimental conditions used in this study (PBS
buffer pH = 7.4). Statins dissolved in PBS buffer were investigated
at the concentration of 10–5 M, which is comparable
to commonly used concentrations in drug–lipid studies.40 (link)−42 (link)
lipids used in the experiments include
cholesterol (Chol), which was purchased from Merck and egg sphingomyelin
(SM) from Avanti Polar Lipids. High-purity organic solvents (HPLC
grade) obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) such as chloroform
(for Chol) and chloroform/methanol 4:1 v/v mixtures (for SM) were
used to prepare lipid solutions. In order to ensure physiological
conditions during the measurements, the PBS buffer in Milli-Q water (resistivity 18.2 MΩ, Millipore) with the
concentration of 0.01 M and pH 7.4 was used as the subphase. High-purity
≥ 98% statins, sodium salts of fluvastatin, FLU and cerivastatin,
CER were also purchased from Merck. Therefore, throughout the text
the abbreviations FLU and CER refer to the drugs in their sodium salt
form present in the experimental conditions used in this study (PBS
buffer pH = 7.4). Statins dissolved in PBS buffer were investigated
at the concentration of 10–5 M, which is comparable
to commonly used concentrations in drug–lipid studies.40 (link)−42 (link)
4
Endothelial Cell Signaling Modulation
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Anti VE-cadherin antibody was from Beckman Coulter (Krefeld, Germany); anti phospho MLC (S18/T19), anti phospho MYPT1 (T850), anti RhoA, anti Rac1, and anti GAPDH antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technologies (Danvers, MA, USA); Complete® protease inhibitor cocktail was from Roche (Mannheim, Germany); ThinCert® polycarbonate membrane filters (6-well) were from Greiner Bio-One (Frickenhausen, Germany); Benzonase®, simvastatin, and fluvastatin were from Merck-Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany); EC basal medium plus supplement pack was from PromoCell (Heidelberg, Germany); HRP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG and -rabbit IgG antibodies were from Santa Cruz biotechnology (Heidelberg, Germany); Farnesyl pyrophosphate, Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, human thrombin, and phalloidin-TRITC were from Sigma (Steinheim, Germany); Pierce® ECL solution, and Rac1-pulldown assay kit were from Thermo Scientific (Darmstadt, Germany); farnesyl transferase inhibitor LB42708, geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor GGTI-298 and Y27632 were from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). All other chemicals were of the best available quality, usually analytical grade.
5
Preparation of Statin and MK2206 Solutions
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Simvastatin and fluvastatin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The compounds were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and stored at −20 °C until use. The final concentration of DMSO in cell cultures was less than 0.1% (v/v), which did not influence cell growth. MK2206 was obtained from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA).
6
Prostate Cancer Cell Lines and Stromal Cells
7
Comprehensive Glioma Signaling Pathway Analysis
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Smad3 (phos-S208) (Abcam, ab138659), SERPINE1 (Fisher Scientific), Rap 1 (sc-398755) and TGF-β RI Kinase inhibitor V (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), PARP (#9542S), LC3 A/B (#4108S), ZYX, and total Smad3 (Cell Signaling Technology) antibodies were obtained from commercial vendors. Simvastatin was obtained from Sigma Chemical (in vitro stock and in vivo stock for subcutaneous GIC grafts) and Selleckchem (in vivo stock for GIC intracranially grafted mice). TGF-β2, mevastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and (±)-mevalonolactone were obtained from Sigma Chemical. Silencer® select pre-designed SMAD3 siRNAs, and Silencer® Select Negative Control siRNA were purchased from Life Technology. LY2109761 was from AdooQ BioScience (A11133).
8
Preparation of Simvastatin and Fluvastatin
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Standard laboratory reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) or Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). The standard stock solution of simvastatin and fluvastatin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water, respectively, stored at −20 °C, and further adjusted to the appropriate concentration with cell culture medium immediately before use.
9
Cholesterol Regulation Pathway Assay
10
Statin Compound Procurement for EPR Analysis
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Simvastatin (CAS 79902-63-9) was from Enzo Lifescience (Antwerpen, Belgium), whereas Atorvastatin (CAS 344423-98-9, catalog #PHR1422), Pravastatin (CAS 81131-70-6), Rosuvastatin (CAS 147098-20-2), and Fluvastatin (CAS 93957-55-2) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Overijse, Belgium). EPR probes 15N-PDT (4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-d16-15N-1-oxyl) and MitoTEMPO-H (1-hydroxy-4-[2-triphenylphosphonio)-acetamido]-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) originated from CDN Isotopes and Enzo Lifescience, respectively. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), superoxide dismutase conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEGSOD2), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and dextran from leuconostoc mesenteroides (average MW 60,000–76,000) were from Sigma-Aldrich (Hoeilaert, Belgium).
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