X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD, D/max-2500pc, Rigaku, Japan) was used to investigate the structures of PVDF-TrFE films coated on silicon substrate. The electrical output performance of the piezoelectric films was measured with an electrometer (Keithley 6514, Keithley Instruments Inc., USA). The capacitance was measured with a potentiostat (Model 263A, EG&G, USA). A bending machine (JIBT-210, Junil Tech, Republic of Korea) was used for bending tests under controlled conditions.
Keithley 6514
Manufactured by Tektronix
Sourced in United States
The Keithley 6514 is an electrometer designed for precision electrical measurements. It provides high-accuracy voltage, current, charge, and resistance measurements.
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Lab products found in correlation
D max 2500 pc, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Usb 6356, by National Instruments (1 mentions)
Nova nano 450, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
D8 advance, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Smz645, by Nikon (1 mentions)
Sp 200, by Bio-Logic (1 mentions)
Dmm6500, by Tektronix (1 mentions)
Tm3000 tabletop microscope, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Tga dsc 1 system, by Mettler Toledo (1 mentions)
Labview base development system, by National Instruments (1 mentions)
Lext ols4000, by Olympus (1 mentions)
S 5500, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Red dot, by 3M (1 mentions)
17 protocols using keithley 6514
1
Structural and Electrical Characterization of PVDF-TrFE Piezoelectric Films
2
Characterization of CSMA/PECA/GO Scaffold
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The cross-section morphologies of the CSMA/PECA/GO scaffolds were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEM-100CX, Japan), and the mean pore sizes were calculated from SEM images by JEM associated software. The porosity was measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry. For the swelling studies, dried scaffolds of each formulation were weighted (Wd)-prior immersion in pH = 7.4 PBS at 37 oC. After 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min and 120 min of immersion, the samples were weighted (Ws) (n = 3). The superficial water was removed prior weighing with oil paper. The swelling ratio (Q) was obtained using the equation (Q = (Ws-Wd)/Wd). Meanwhile, the volume changes were also measured. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds with 1 cm radius and 0.5 cm high were determined by measuring their compression modulus in a wet state. An Instron 5500 mechanical tester with 10 KN load cell was used for compression mechanical test. The crosshead speed was set at 0.1 mm/min, and the load was applied until the scaffold was crushed completely. The conductivity of scaffolds prepared at different formulations was measured using a four-point probe measurement system with Keithley 220 programmable current source and Keithley 6514 programmable electrometer (Keithley Instruments Inc., USA).
3
Electrical Measurement of Single Cell Resistance
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The measurement system is illustrated in Fig. 3. For electrical measurement, Ag/AgCl electrodes, which were fabricated by coating Pt wire with Ag/AgCl paste, were inserted into the inlet and the outlet reservoirs of the microchannels. Outlets that were not used were closed. Each electrode was connected to an electrometer (Keithley 6514, high impedance of 200 TΩ in voltage measurement mode, Keithley Instruments, Inc., USA). Sample solutions were driven with a pressure controller (PC20 pressure controller, Nagano Keiki Co., Ltd., Japan). The current between the inlet and the outlet was measured. Phosphatebuffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2, 0.01 M) was used as a suspension solution. Once all the fluidic channels were filled with PBS, cells were injected in the microchannel at low pressure (5 kPa) and introduced to a single cell chamber due to the flow to the extended-nano channel and brought in contact with the extended-nano channel with small damage to the cell's membrane. Finally, the resistances were calculated from measured current-voltage curves, and the results were compared for the extended-nano channel with and without a cell. For comparison with a living cell, dead cells were prepared by culturing the cell in PBS at 25°C.
4
Measuring FBSS Resistance with Synchronous Data
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The resistance of the FBSS was measured with a synchronous data acquisition card (National Instruments, USB-6356). The voltage, current, and transfer charges were measured using an electrometer (Tektronix Inc., Keithley 6514).
5
Multimodal Sensing of ZnS Crystals
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All SEM and EDS images were captured by field emission scanning electron microscope (Nova Nano 450, FEI). The crystal structure of ZnS was characterized by X‐ray diffraction at room temperature (D8 Advance, Bruker AXS). The optical emission was observed using a spectrometer and a vertically arranged optical fiber collimating lens spectrometer (Nova, Idea optics). The electrical output of the material was measured by an electrometer (Keithley 6514, Tektronix). The assembly of a linear motor (E1250, Lin Mot‐E) and a pressure sensor (M5, Mark‐10) were applied to test the optical emission and electrical output. The stress‐strain test was conducted in a microcomputer‐controlled electronic universal material testing machine (CTM2050, CTM).
All volunteers have known all details about the experiment which was touching the sensor with finger to detect the electric and optical signals. The experiment results will be used to conduct further research. Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology will ensure the health and safety of all volunteers in the experiment. All volunteers have agreed to participate in the experiment.
All volunteers have known all details about the experiment which was touching the sensor with finger to detect the electric and optical signals. The experiment results will be used to conduct further research. Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology will ensure the health and safety of all volunteers in the experiment. All volunteers have agreed to participate in the experiment.
6
Characterization of Hydrogel Electrical Properties
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Electrical conductivity (σ) was measured using the modified four‐point probe method. By applying an AC voltage (±1 V, 1000 Hz), voltage (V) and current (I) were recorded using a probe station (MST4000A, MSTECH, Korea). The thickness (T), length (L), and width (W) were measured using an optical microscope (SMZ645, Nikon, Japan). The electrical conductivity (σ) was calculated using the equation: σ = (L × I)/(W × T × V).
The electrical impedance was characterized by using a potentiostat (SP‐200, Bio‐Logic, USA). The hydrogel samples were loaded between two platinum electrodes with a 10 mm × 10 mm area and ≈200‐µm thickness. The two electrodes were connected to the potentiostat, and EIS measurement was conducted. To characterize the electrical resistance of the hydrogel, the output voltage and current across the hydrogel were measured in real‐time using an electrometer (Keithley 6514, Tektronix, USA).
The electrical impedance was characterized by using a potentiostat (SP‐200, Bio‐Logic, USA). The hydrogel samples were loaded between two platinum electrodes with a 10 mm × 10 mm area and ≈200‐µm thickness. The two electrodes were connected to the potentiostat, and EIS measurement was conducted. To characterize the electrical resistance of the hydrogel, the output voltage and current across the hydrogel were measured in real‐time using an electrometer (Keithley 6514, Tektronix, USA).
7
Evaluating Electrical Properties of EDLCs
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To evaluate the inherent electrical capacity of the EDLCs with electrodes described in Table 1 , cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge and discharge (GCD) were measured using an electrochemical measurement equipment (IviumStat, Ivium Technologies B.V.). The voltage variations in the EDLCs when they were charged using a 9 V battery and discharged by powering a white LED were identified using a digital multimeter (DMM 6500, Tektronix, Inc.) and electrometer (Keithley 6514, Tektronix, Inc.). The specific capacitance (Cs) of the EDLCs expressed in the unit of F g−1 were calculated from the GCD graph according to following equation,29 (link) I is the discharge current in the unit of A, t is the discharge time expressed in sec, V is the potential window in the unit of V, and m is the electrode mass expressed in g.29 (link) The energy density (E in W h kg−1 unit) and power density (P in W kg−1 unit) of the EDLCs were then obtained using the equations,30 (link)
8
Multimodal Characterization of TENG Performance
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Fourier transforms infrared spectra (FT-IR) were recorded on a Spectrum 100 Perkin Elmer spectrometer. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken from a Hitachi TM-3000 Tabletop Microscope as well as a field emission scanning electron microscope TESCAN MAIA3. The cyclic contact-separation motion of TENG triboelectric performance measurements was realized by a life test machine (ZX-A03, Zhongxingda, Shenzhen, China) with a force gauge INTERFACE to quantify the impact force. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve was obtained on a Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC1 system. The output open circuit voltage was recorded by a multifunctional oscilloscope (DSOX3024T, InfiniiVision), while the output short circuit current and transfer charge were measured by an electrometer (Keithley 6514, Tektronix). The air permeability was evaluated by a KES-F8-AP1 Air Permeability Tester (KATO TECH CO., Ltd. Kyoto, Japan).
9
Quantitative Force Measurement for TSR
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The electrodynamic shaker (LW139.138-40, Labworks Inc., Costa Mesa, CA, USA) was utilized to apply a quantitative force to the TSR and the applied force was measured through a force sensor (1053V4, Cylos, Suwon, Republic of Korea). The pressure was calculated by dividing the force by the area. The relative humidity was measured by a thermo-hygrometer. A commercial humidifier was utilized to increase the relative humidity and an acrylic case was utilized to maintain the relative humidity. An electrometer (Keithley 6514, Tektronix, Beaverton, OR, USA) was utilized to measure the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current (ISC). The Arduino nano 33 BLEs were utilized to measure the output voltage generated from the smart swallowing rehabilitation monitoring system (SSRMS).
10
Sponge-Electrode Sensor for Biomechanics
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The sponge with a size of 20 × 20 × 4 mm was attached to the fingers, wrists, elbow, spine, and throat of the human body with polyimide tape. One end of the copper wire was connected to the sponge and the other to the electrometer (Keithley 6514, Tektronix Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA). Subsequently, the signal response was recorded using an electrometer by pressing the sample; bending the finger, wrist, and elbow; nodding; and swallowing. Three groups of parallel samples were tested for each action, and each test cycle was repeated several times.
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