Amphotericin b amb

Ascorbic acid (AA; Fisher Scientific, Cat No. A61–25, CAS 5081–7, Waltham, MA, USA) was prepared from a stock of 1 M and used at 10 mM. A reduced form of glutathione (GSH; Alfa Aesar, Cat No. AAJ6216606, CAS 70–18–8, Ward Hill, MA, USA) was prepared from a stock of 0.5 M and used at 10 mM. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; Cayman Chemicals, Cat No. 20713, CAS 5108–96–3, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) was prepared from a stock of 10 mM and used at 10 μM. Retinoic acid (RA; Cayman Chemical, Cat No. 11017, CAS 302–79–4) was prepared from a stock of 100 mM (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) and used at 1 mM. Fluconazole (FLC; Cayman Chemical, Cat No. 11594, CAS 86386–73–4) was dissolved in DMSO as a 50 mg/mL stock and used at 32 μg/mL. Amphotericin B (AMB; Fisher Scientific, Cat No. BP 928 250) was prepared as a stock of 2 mg/mL (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) and used at 2 μg/mL.

The standard antileishmanial drug amphotericin B (AMB) (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was dissolved in DMSO to a final concentration of 50 mM. The 1,5- and 1,8- fused naphthyridines (>99% purity) from Figure 1 and Figure 2 were dissolved in DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) to a final concentration of 100, 50 or 25 mM depending on their solubility.