Ms grade formic acid

Five flavonoid reference standards including hyperoside, quercetin, astragalin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin were purchased from National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Two flavonoid reference standards including isoquercitrin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Eight chlorogenic acid reference standards including 3-caffeoylquinic acid(3-CQA), 4-caffeoylquinic acid(4-CQA), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DiCQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid(3,5-DiCQA), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid(4,5-DiCQA), p-hydroxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid(CA) and 5-O-feruloylquinic acid (5-FQA) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Their structures (shown in Figure 9) were fully elucidated by spectra data (ESI-MS). The purities of all the standards were no less than 98%. All the standard were resolved in 80% methanol.
Acetonitrile (MS grade) and formic acid (MS grade) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Deionized water used throughout the experiment was purified by MilliQ50 SP Reagent Water System (Bedford, MA, USA) for preparing samples.

Thirty-six batches of representative cultivated ginseng root were collected or purchased from different cultivation areas in Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang Provinces, the main source of ginseng in China. A detailed sample list is provided in Table S2. The identity of all samples was confirmed by Prof. Bao-lin Guo of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing, China. Each whole ginseng root was divided into four parts: main root (MR), branch root (BR), rhizome (RH), and fibrous root (FR). One hundred forty-four different parts samples of ginseng root are present.
Ginsenosides Rb₁, Re, Rg₁, Rd, Rc, Rf, Ro, Rg₂, 20(R)-Rh₁, 20(S)-Rh₂, 20(R)-Rh₂, 20(S)-Rg₃, and 20(R)-Rg₃ and notoginsenosides R₁ and R₂ were isolated in our laboratory and identified by spectroscopic data. The purities of these standards were better than 98% by the HPLC analysis. All samples were stored at 4 °C before use.
Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) was purchased from Fisher Scientific Co. (Loughborough, UK). Distilled water was purchased from Watsons (Guangzhou, China). Formic acid (MS grade) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Co. Ltd. (Waltham, MA, USA). The other reagents were commercially obtained in analytical purity (Beijing, China).

Parathion, malathion, chloramphenicol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sucrose, NaH₂PO₄.H₂O, NaH₂PO₄.2H₂O, and MgCl₂.6 H₂O were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate (NADPH) and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) were obtained from Hoffmann la Roche (Basel, Switzerland). Xylazine 2% was from V.M.D. (Arendonk, Belgium). Ketamine HCl 115 mg/mL was purchased from Eurovet (Heusden-Zolder, Belgium). The BCA assay kit was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Asse, Belgium), the formic acid (MS-grade) from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium), acetonitrile (ACN) (analytical grade) from Fischer Scientific (Loughborough, UK) and 3-morpholinopropane-1-sulfonic acid (MOPS) from the MSD research laboratory (Rahway, NJ, USA). Test compounds were dissolved in DMSO to obtain stock solutions (Parathion: 50 mM, malathion: 50 mM, chloramphenicol: 750 mM) that were stored at −20 °C.

MS grade acetonitrile was obtained from Biosolve (Dieuze, France), formic acid (MS grade) from Acros Organic (Morris Plains, NJ, USA), ethanol from Fisher Chemical (Loughborough, UK), Tuning Mix from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA), 4-methyl-catechol (4MeC), Amberlyst A-26(OH) ion-exchange resin, periodic acid, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), citric acid, sodium phosphate dibasic were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol (99.8%) was purchased from Chemlab. Ultrapure water comes from a Milli-Q system (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).

The herb of P. capitatum was collected from Qianxi county, Guizhou province, China and was identified by Qingde Long (Guizhou Medical University) as the whole plant of Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don. The voucher specimen of P. capitatum (No.: PC20201103) was deposited in the Herbarium of Guizhou Medical University.
The reference standards of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, (+)-catechin, rutin, quercitrin, quercetin and emodin were purchased from Chengdu Chroma-Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The pure materials of myricitrin, quercetin-3-O-(2″-O-galloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, cis-N-caffeoyltyramine and 3″-O-galloylquercitrin were obtained in our laboratory. The purities of the reference standards were determined to be more than 98% by HPLC (-DAD. Hypoxanthine and potassium oxonate were purchased from the Beijing Solarbio Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Urate assay kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).
HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were acquired from Honeywell Burdick & Jackson Company (Morristown, NJ, USA). Formic acid (MS grade) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Madrid, Spain). Deionized water for HPLC analysis was prepared using a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). All other reagents were of analytical grade.

Acetonitrile and methanol (HPLC grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Distilled water was purchased from Watson’s Food & Beverage Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). Formic acid (MS grade) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Reference standards of oleanolic acid (94.9%, batch No. 110709-201206), kaempferol (93.2%, batch No. 110861-201209), luteolin (100%, batch No. 111520-200504) and quercetin (97.4%, batch No. 100081-200907) were purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). A reference standard of asiatic acid (99%, batch No. 20150901) was purchased from CRM/RM center of China (Beijing, China). Reference standards of rutin (98%, batch No. 153-18-4) and gallic acid (98.5%, batch No. 149-91-7) were purchased from Chengdu-PUSH Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdou, Sichuan, China).

The standards N-butyryl-L-HSL (C4-HSL) and N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-HSL (3-oxo-C12-HSL) were purchased from Sigma. Methanol, acetonitrile (HPLC grade), and formic acid (MS grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Acetic acid and ethyl acetate (HPLC grade) were obtained from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory (Guangzhou, China), and ultra-pure water (>18 MΩ/cm) was obtained from a Milli-Q water Elga Maxima water purification system (Merck KgaA, Germany).