Sas 9.2 software for windows

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for all studied traits was performed utilizing the general linear model (GLM) procedure of the SAS 9.2 software for Windows (SAS Institute, 2011 ). Data were statistically evaluated using Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) test at a 5%. Boxplots were done to show the difference in the application of plant space and nitrogen rates fertilization. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to access the associations among traits. In the R project (version 3.4.5), the ggplot2 package was used to draw a boxplot.

Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.2 Software for Windows (SAS Institute Inc, 2002–2008, Cary, NC, USA). The data were analyzed using Fisher exact test for categorical variables and Mann–Whitney test to evaluate differences in MRI variables between groups. Then, we applied receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to test whether significant MRI and histopathological metrics were sensitive and specific to alterations in the WM of individuals with TLE-HS. Also, we obtained the best cut-off values optimizing sensitivity and specificity, therefore, indicative of pathological changes. To study the relationship between histopathological and MRI data in the TLE-HS group, Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated. Finally, we plotted ROC curves to assess whether cell count, immunostaining, and neuroimaging data discriminate TLE–HS group from controls, obtaining a cut-off value associated with a higher probability of changes observed in HS patients. To minimize multiple comparisons, we included in the correlation and ROC analyses the histopathological findings and MRI features considered to be relevant to the group analysis (please refer to the Results section). Data were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median and interquartile interval, and percentages, as appropriate. The significance level adopted for the statistical tests was 5%.

All data were analyzed using SAS 9.2 software for Windows (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) using the GLIMMIX procedure. Data were first tested for outliers using Cook’s D test and one observation was removed from the data set as an outlier. Since pen was the experimental unit for the Latin Square, both animal block (n = 2; light and heavy) and period (n = 6) were included in the model as fixed effects. Harvest method, chemical treatment, and the interaction between the two factors were also analyzed as fixed effects, and the interaction was removed from the model if P > 0.10. Results with a P value of <0.05 are considered to be significant, with a tendency to be significant when P > 0.05 and < 0.10.