Galacturonic acid

Pyropia yezoensis was obtained from Seaweed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (Mokpo, South Korea). The triglycerides (TG) assay kit and total protein (TP) assay kit were provided by Shenzhen Icubio Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China). TRIzol reagent was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). TransScript All-in-One First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Supermix for qPCR, and TransStart Top Green qPCR SuperMix were purchased from TransGen Biotech (Beijing, China). Mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fucose were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from BBI Life Sciences (Shanghai, China). Minimum essential medium (MEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NE, USA). Penicillin-streptomycin solution (100×) was obtained from Biosharp Life Sciences (Anhui, China). Dextran standards were purchased from China Pharmaceutical Biological Products Analysis Institute (Beijing, China). Palmitic acid (PA) was provided by Kunchuang Biotechnology (Xi’an, China). All other chemical reagents used were of analytical grade.

Four-year-old roots of P. ginseng were collected from Changbai Mountain district, Jilin, China, and were authenticated by Prof. Guangshu Wang, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
Distilled water was purchased from Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China); 1, phenanthroline, ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄), potassium ferricyanide, trichloroacetic acid, ferric chloride (FeCl₃), ferrozine, vitamin C (VC), and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) were from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), hydroxylamine hydrochloride, pyridine, acetic anhydride, chloroform, n-butanol, and ethanol were from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co., Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA); DEAE (diethyl amino ethyl) cellulose was from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); Standard sugars including mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose were from Sino-pharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); T-series Dextran standards including T-10, T-40, T-70, T-100, and T-500 kDa were from the National Institutes of Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). All of the reagents used in this study were of the highest quality available from commercial vendors and were of analytical grade.