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45 protocols using rabbit anti il 1β

1

Immunofluorescence Analysis of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1β in Cerebral Infarction

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We used a freezing microtome (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) to obtain coronal sections (15 μm thickness) from the brain tissue with ischemic lesions. The slices were then permeated with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 20 min, blocked with 10% donkey serum at 37 °C for 1 h, and incubated overnight with primary antibodies at 4 °C. The primary antibodies were as follows: rabbit anti-NLRP3 (1:200, Bioworld Technology, Nanjing, China); rabbit anti-Caspase-1 (1:100, Affinity biosciences, Changzhou, China); and rabbit anti-IL-1β (1:100, Abcam, Waltham, MA, USA). The following day, brain slices were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with secondary antibodies for 1 h at 37 °C. After three additional washes with PBS, they were treated with Fluoromount-G containing 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL, USA) to stain the nuclei. Immunofluorescence was observed using a laser scanning confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM880, Oberkochen, Germany). ImageJ software was used to measure the number of positive cells in five different areas around the cerebral infarction [25 (link)].
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2

Antibody Panel for Immune Response Analysis

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Antibodies used for Western blotting are as follows: rabbit anti-IL1α, rabbit anti-IL1β (Abcam ab9722), rabbit anti-IL6 (Novus Biologicals NB600-1131), rabbit anti-iNOS (Cell Signaling Technology CST 13120), rabbit anti-TNFα (Abcam ab9739) and mouse anti-VINCULIN (Sigma V9131). F4/80 antibody used for immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry was purchased from eBiosciences (rat anti-mouse F4/80, clone BM8, ref 14-4801-82). CD16/CD32 antibody was purchased from BD Biosciences (rat anti-mouse-CD16/CD32, clone 2.4G2) and used at a concentration of 25 μg/ml. Monoclonal antibodies used for flow cytometry were all purchased from Biolegend unless indicated otherwise: anti-CD45 (Brilliant Violet 421-anti-mouse-CD45, clone 30-F11), anti-F4/80 (PE-anti-mouse-F4/80, clone BM8 or APC-anti-mouse-F4/80, clone BM8), anti-MHCII (FITC-anti-mouse-I-A/I-E, clone M5/114.15.2, BD Biosciences), anti-CD80 (PE/Cy7-anti-mouse-CD80, clone 16-10A1), anti-CD86 (PerCP-anti-mouse-CD86, clone GL-1), anti-IL1α (PE-anti-mouse-IL1α, clone ALF-161).
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3

Western Blot Analysis of Neuroinflammatory Proteins

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The protein was extracted using a total protein extraction kit (KeyGEN Biotech), and protein concentration was determined with the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce Biotechnology). Total protein (20–50 μg) was separated by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dried milk for 60 min and then incubated in the antibodies of rabbit anti-GABAARα1 (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-GABAARα2 (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-NKCC1 (1:400, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-KCC2 (1:8000, Abcam), rabbit anti-IL-1β (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-TNF-α (1:1000, Abcam), mouse anti-TGF-β1 (1:200, Affinity) and mouse anti-β-actin antibody (1:5000, Abways Technology) as loading control. After thorough washing, the membranes were incubated with HRP-labeled secondary antibodies and developed using the ECL detection Kit (Millipore). Western blotting bands were scanned and analyzed using the Image J analysis software package (NIH). The densitometric values of the total protein were normalized by β-actin.
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4

Immunochemical Analysis of Neuroinflammation

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The following primary antibodies were used throughout this study: rat anti-mouse CD11b (1:400, Abcam), rabbit anti-F-actin (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-COX-2 (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-IL-1β (1:200, Abcam), rabbit anti-GFAP (1:5000, Neuromics), rabbit anti-Iba-1 (1:1000, Wako), goat anti-Iba-1 (1:500, Wako), rabbit anti-AKT (1:1000, Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-p-AKT (Ser473, Thr308) (1:1000, Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-ERK (1:1000, Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-p-ERK (Thr42/44) (1:1000, Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-STAT3 (1:1000, Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-p-STAT3 (Ser727, Abcam), mouse anti-PCNA (1:1000, Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-D2R (1:1000, Abcam), and rabbit anti-D1R (1:1000, Millipore) antibodies. We used the following small molecules: D1R antagonists (LE300, 10 μM, Sigma-Aldrich; SCH23390, 30 μM, Tocris), D1R agonist (A77636 hydrochloride, 10 nM, Tocris), D2R antagonist (eticlopride hydrochloride, 100 nM, Sigma-Aldrich), a STAT3 inhibitor (S3I-201, 50 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), and an ERK inhibitor (PD98059, 10 μM, Millipore).
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5

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Intervertebral Disc

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After being fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, the nucleus pulposus tissues of both humans and rats were cut into 5-μm-thick slices for slide preparation. Tissues were incubated with theprimary antibodies as follows: goat anti-FSTL1 (1:200; Abcam plc, Cambridge, UK), rabbit anti- TNF-α, (1:300; Abcam), rabbit anti- MMP-13 (1:400; Abcam), rabbit anti- IL-1β, (1:200; Abcam). The slides after immunohistochemical staining were observed and analyzed by an electron microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The results were quantified using the Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Inc., USA). Each section was examined independently by two investigators in a blinded manner.
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6

Western Blot Analysis of Inflammatory Markers

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The collected Raw264.7 cells and bone surrounding soft tissues were homogenized and lysed in lysis buffer including RIPA and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Haimen, Jiangsu, China). The lysates (30 μg/lane) were separated on 10% gels and were transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The membranes were blocked with 5% (w/v) BSA in Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% (w/v) Tween 20 (TBST) and probed with primary antibodies: mouse anti-ABCA1 (1: 1000; Abcam Biotechnology), rabbit anti-ABCG1 (1: 2500; Abcam Biotechnology), rabbit anti-Cav-1 (1: 1500; Abcam Biotechnology), rabbit anti-TNF-α (1: 1000; Abcam Biotechnology), rabbit anti-IL-6 (1: 1000; Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-IL-1β (1: 1,000; Abcam Biotechnology), and mouse anti-β-actin (1: 4000; Proteintech, Rosemont, USA) at 4°C overnight. After washing, the bound antibodies were detected using optimal horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies: goat anti-rabbit IgG (1: 10 000) and goat anti-mouse IgG (1: 10 000; Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) and were visualized using the enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA). The relative levels of the target proteins to that of control β-actin were analyzed densitometrically using the Quantity One software (version 4.0, Bio-Rad).
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7

Western Blot Analysis of Inflammatory Markers

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Western blot was performed as previously described.22 Total proteins (20 μg) were subjected to SDS‐PAGE and then transferred onto a polyvinyl indene difluoride membrane (PVDF; Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Nonspecific binding was blocked with PBST (0.5% Tween 20 in PBS) containing 5% non‐fat milk (Shandong Sparkjade Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) for 1 h at room temperature. The membranes were then incubated overnight at 4°C with individual primary antibodies in PBST containing 1% non‐fat milk (mouse anti‐IL‐6, rabbit anti‐TNF‐α, rabbit anti‐IL‐1β, rabbit anti‐GFAP, 1:1000, Abcam; mouse anti‐GFAP, rabbit anti‐pSTAT3, mouse anti‐STAT3, rabbit anti‐JAK‐1, rabbit anti‐JAK‐2, 1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, rabbit anti‐β‐actin, Biosynthesis Biotechnology Inc., Beijing, China). Following three washes with PBST, the membranes were then incubated with the secondary antibodies (HRP‐linked anti‐rabbit IgG; HRP‐linked anti‐mouse IgG; 1:2000; Cell Signaling Technology). Then, the proteins were detected by chemiluminescence reagents (Millipore) and observed using a ChemiDoc™ XRS+ Imaging System (Bio‐RAD, Hercules, USA). The protein levels were quantified by densitometry using Image J 1.4.3.67.
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8

Western Blot Analysis of Neural Proteins

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Western blotting was performed as previously described [6 (link)]. Briefly, after brain protein sample preparation using RIPA lysis buffer (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), equal amounts of protein were loaded on an SDS-PAGE gel and run using electrophoresis and then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked and incubated overnight at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies: goat anti-TREM2 (1:1000, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-PI3K (1:1000, Cell signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit anti-phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt, 1:1000, Cell signaling), rabbit anti-Akt (1:1000, Cell signaling), rabbit anti-TNF-α (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-IL-1β (1:1000, Abcam), anti-Bcl-2 (1:2000, Abcam), anti-Bax (1:4000, Abcam), and goat anti-β-actin (1:5000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Appropriate secondary antibodies (1:3000, Santa Cruz; 1:5000, Abcam) were selected to incubate with the membrane for 2 h at room temperature. The bands were probed with an ECL Plus chemiluminescence regent Kit (Amersham Biosciences, Arlington Heights, PA, USA) and visualized with the image system (Versa Doc, model 4000, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Relative density of the protein immunoblot images were analyzed by ImageJ software (ImageJ 1.4, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA).
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9

Immunohistochemical Staining of Cytokines

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Slide-mounted tissue sections were washed with PBS for 5 min, incubated in
3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min and washed 3 times in PBS. They were then heated
in 1% antigen-unmasking solution (Vector Laboratories) for 20 min at 90°C,
incubated for 1 h in permeabilization buffer (10% goat serum, 0.1% Triton
X-100 in PBS) and incubated overnight at 4°C with rabbit anti- IL-1β
(1:100) or mouse anti - IL-6 (1:100) or mouse anti-TNFα (1:50) primary antibody
(Abcam) in antibody solution (5% goat serum, 0.05% Triton X-100 in PBS).
Next day, the sections were washed with PBS and incubated 1 h at room temperature with
biotinylated goat anti-rabbit, (1:400), or biolinylated goat anti- mouse (1:400)
antibodies (Vector Laboratories) in antibody solution. Sections were then washed in PBS,
incubated in avidin-biotin complex mixture (ABC,1:100) for 1 h at room temperature, washed
again and developed with diaminobenzidine solution (DAB), washed with PBS, dried and cover
slipped with vectamount mounting medium. For immunostaining of RFP sections were
pre-treated in the same way and incubated with rabbit anti-DsRed (1:1000) primary antibody
(Abcam) over night at 4°C, washed with PBS and incubated with biotinylated goat
anti-rabbit antibody, 1:400, (Vector Laboratories) for 1 h at room temperature. Sections
were washed with PBS, dried and cover slipped with Vectashield aqueous mounting medium
with DAPI.
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10

Western Blotting Analysis of Neuroinflammatory Markers

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As previously described by us,
40 (link) proteins were extracted from the MCA‐supplied brain regions and loaded onto SDS‐polyacrylamide gel for electrophoresis. Gel transfer to a PVDF membrane was performed under 200 V for 1 h. Membranes were blocked with 5% skimmed milk. Membranes were incubated with primary antibodies (1:1000, rabbit anti‐NLRP3, Merck; 1:500, rabbit anti‐ASC, Abcam; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐IL‐1β, Abcam; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐IL‐18, Proteintech; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐caspase‐1, Abcam; 1:500, rabbit anti‐GSDMD, Affinity; 1:2000, rabbit anti‐G3BP1, Proteintech; 1:500, rabbit anti‐TIA1, Proteintech; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐DDX3X, Proteintech; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐IgG antibody, Cell Signaling Technology; 1:10,000, rabbit anti‐SYN, Abcam; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐PSD‐95, Cell Signaling Technology; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐BDNF, Abcam; 1:500, rabbit anti‐Ang‐1, Proteintech; 1:500, rabbit anti‐Ang‐2, Proteintech; 1:500, rabbit anti‐VEGF, Abcam; 1:1000, mouse β‐actin, Santa Cruz) for 24 h at 4°C. Next, membranes were incubated with a secondary antibody (1:4000, goat anti‐rabbit IgG, goat anti‐mouse IgG, Cell Signaling Technology) for 2 h at room temperature. Western blot images for each of the antibodies were analyzed using an image analysis program (ImageJ 1.42, National Institutes of Health) to quantify protein expression in terms of relative image density.
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