K alpha xps spectrometer

Bruker‐AXS D8 Advance system with a Cu Kα radiation was conducted on measuring the crystal phase with PXRD in the 2θ range from 10° to 90°. Renishaw inVia confocal Raman microscope provision with an argon ion laser beam was implemented to test Raman spectra. Netzsch Thermo Microbalance TG 209 F1 Libra was employed to observe TGA from ambient temperature to 900 °C with a heating rate of 5 °C min⁻¹ under nitrogen flow. Belsorp max gas sorption analyzer was used to analyze the sorption isotherms at 77 K. K‐Alpha⁺ XPS spectrometer (Thermo fisher Scientific, USA) was operated using Al Kα radiation to evaluate XPS and the elemental compositions. Moreover, FESEM (TESCAN Maia 3, Czech) and TEM (FEI Talos F200X, USA) with high‐angle annular dark‐field (HAADF) STEM and EDS (JEM2010‐HR, 200 kV) were utilized to study the surface morphology and architecture.

The composition analysis of the laser-induced carbon electrodes was done using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The measurements were performed using a K-Alpha+ XPS spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, East Grinstead, UK). For the data acquisition and processing was used a Thermo Avantage software, described elsewhere^{49 (link)}. All samples were analyzed using a microfocused, monochromated Al Kα X-ray source (30–400 µm spot size). The spectra were fitted with one or more Voigt profiles (binding energy uncertainty: +/−0.2 eV). The analyzer transmission function, Scofield sensitivity factors^{50 (link)}, and effective attenuation lengths (EALs) for photoelectrons were applied for quantification. EALs are calculated using the standard TPP-2M formalism^{51 (link)}. All spectra were referenced to the C1s peak of hydrocarbon at 285.0 eV binding energy controlled by means of the well-known photoelectron peaks of metallic Cu, Ag, and Au. Sputter cleaning was performed using an Ar1000+ cluster ion beam at 8 keV and 30° angle of incidence which did not harm the electrodes. Raman spectroscopy was performed with the Raman microscope Bruker Senterra. The power of the laser was 5 mW with a wavelength of 532 nm. The integration time was 60 s with 2 co-additions (2 × 30 s) for each measurement spot.

XPS measurements were performed using a K-Alpha⁺ XPS spectrometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, UK) operating at a base pressure of 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ Pa. The data acquisition and processing were performed using the Thermo Avantage software. All samples were analyzed using a microfocused, monochromated Al Kα X-ray radiation (400 µm spot size) with a pass energy of 150 eV for survey and 50 eV for high-resolution core level spectra. The X-ray angle of incidence was 30° and the emission angle was along the surface normal. The K-Alpha charge dual compensation system was employed during analysis, using electrons and low-energy argon ions to prevent any localized build-up of charge. The measured high-resolution spectra were fitted with Voigt profiles. The analyzer transmission function, Scofield sensitivity factors, and effective attenuation length for photoelectrons were applied for quantification. All spectra were referenced to the adventitious C 1s peak at a binding energy (BE) of 285.0 eV. The BE scale was controlled on standards of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and metallic Cu, Ag, and Au.

The chemical bonding states and atomic concentrations in the samples before and after the drug coating on the porous PCL scaffold were examined by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) (K-Alpha⁺ XPS Spectrometer, Thermo Scientific, Tokyo, Japan) using a hemispherical electrostatic energy analyzer and an Al K_α X-ray source. The base pressure in the sample chamber was controlled to 10⁻⁹ Torr. The measured spectra were displayed as plots of the number of electrons versus the electron binding at a fixed, small energy interval. Peak area and peak height sensitivity factors were used for quantification.