Chitosan (CS), derived from the exoskeleton of Lipopenaeus vannamei shrimp (company, city, state abbrev if USA, country), 80–93% deacetylation degree, and viscosity average molecular weight of 1.7 × 105 Da, kindly donated by Northeastern Biomaterials Evaluation and Development Laboratory—CERTBIO (Campina Grande, PB, Brazil). This chitosan is accredited by the National Institute of Metrology, Quality, and Technology (INMETRO) at the International Organization of Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 17025:2005 and is used for medical applications. Synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) with particle size <200 nm, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP, technical grade, 98%), and dexamethasone D1756 (DEX) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich® (Darmstadt, Germany). Phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS) at pH = 7.4 and acetic acid (A.C.S reagent, >99%) were purchased from Vetec® (Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (98%) was obtained from Nuclear (São Paulo, SP, Brazil) and ethanol (A.C.S reagent, >99%) was obtained from Neon® (São Paulo, SP, Brazil).
Synthetic hydroxyapatite
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany
Synthetic hydroxyapatite is a ceramic material that closely resembles the mineral component of human and animal bone. It is a calcium phosphate-based compound with a chemical formula of Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂. This product serves as a functional laboratory material for various applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium tripolyphosphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dexamethasone d1756, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Vetec (1 mentions)
Glycogen, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Type 2 collagen, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 2 dioleoyl sn glycero 3 phosphocholine dopc, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chondroitin sulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide pellets, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ammonium hydroxide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate egdma, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 dodecanethiol ddt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dodecane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methacrylic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Deuterated chloroform, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 protocols using synthetic hydroxyapatite
1
Chitosan-Hydroxyapatite Composite for Biomedical Applications
2
Comparative Analysis of Bovine, Porcine, and Human Bone Powders
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Bovine, porcine, and human bones samples from femurs were used in this work. Human femur without apparent pathologies was donated by the Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, femurs from bovine and porcine were collected from the local slaughter house. Cortical bone samples from each source were defatted and deproteinized following the methodology proposed by Londoño-Restrepo et al.6 (link) to obtain clean bone powders. Each powder was sieved in a US 200 mesh (75 µm). These samples were dried and labeled as B-Raw for bovine, P-Raw for porcine, and H-Raw for the human. A fraction of each sample was simultaneously calcinated in a Felisa (Mexico) furnace at 720 °C and 6 °C/min heating rate for 10 min and cooled in furnace air according to thermal profile showed in Fig. 1 . These last samples were labeled as B-720 for bovine, P-720 for porcine, and H-720 for human calcined at 720 °C. Synthetic hydroxyapatite from Sigma Aldrich (No. 28,939-6) was used for comparative purposes.![]()
Thermal history for powder bones calcinated at 720 °C: B-720, P-720, and H-720.
3
Raman Imaging of Cartilage Composition
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Raman images (∼1000
× 400 μm (spatial resolution
of ∼2 μm)) of native articular cartilage and tissue engineered
constructs were measured by continuous scanning. Each Raman spectrum
was collected with an acquisition time of 0.3–0.5 s, 1 accumulation,
and a power on the sample of ∼41 mW using the 532 nm laser
excitation. No sample degradation was noticed using this power density.
For comparison, reference Raman spectra were also measured of chondroitin
sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich), collagen type II (Sigma-Aldrich), synthetic
hydroxyapatite (Sigma-Aldrich), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(DOPC) (Sigma-Aldrich), glycogen (Sigma-Aldrich), and demineralized
H2O using similar experimental parameters.
× 400 μm (spatial resolution
of ∼2 μm)) of native articular cartilage and tissue engineered
constructs were measured by continuous scanning. Each Raman spectrum
was collected with an acquisition time of 0.3–0.5 s, 1 accumulation,
and a power on the sample of ∼41 mW using the 532 nm laser
excitation. No sample degradation was noticed using this power density.
For comparison, reference Raman spectra were also measured of chondroitin
sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich), collagen type II (Sigma-Aldrich), synthetic
hydroxyapatite (Sigma-Aldrich), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(DOPC) (Sigma-Aldrich), glycogen (Sigma-Aldrich), and demineralized
H2O using similar experimental parameters.
4
Polymer Composite Material Synthesis
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Methacrylic acid (MAA, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich), ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich), 1-dodecanethiol (DDT, Z99%, Sigma-Aldrich), (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (2 M in hexanes, Sigma-Aldrich), dodecane (Z99%, Sigma-Aldrich), calcium chloride dihydrate (Analar Normapur), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (+99%, Across Organics), synthetic hydroxyapatite (Z99.995%, Sigma-Aldrich), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP, M w = 360 000 g mol À1 , Fluka Analytical), hydrochloric acid (37%, Analar Normapur), sodium hydroxide pellets (Fisher chemical), ammonium hydroxide (35%, Fisher chemical) and distilled water (Milli-Q). Azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) was purchased from BDH and recrystallized from methanol prior to use. Deuterated chloroform and methanol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All organic solvents were standard laboratory grade. Fluorescein-bisphosphonate conjugate (Fluo-BP) was synthesized according to Kapustin et al. 72
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