A two-chamber silicon heart phantom was used to test the accuracy of the MRE reconstruction algorithm. The heart phantom was custom manufactured (The Chamberlain Group, MA, USA) from a segmented electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated computed tomography image volume of a patient's heart in diastole (Fig. 1 ). From the same batch of silicon as the heart phantom, three cylindrical samples were poured for dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), described in more detail below. The scan was of a 36-year-old female who was asymptomatic with hyperlipidemia but no other cardiac history. The computed tomography scan of the patient was performed on a Somatom Definition scanner (Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen Germany) after 5mg of oral metoprolol, 0.4 mg of nitroglycerine sublingual, and intravenous injection of 80mL of Omnipaque 350 (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). Scan parameters were gantry rotation = 330ms, kVp = 100, mA = 451, field of view (FOV) = 200mm, collimation = dual source 64 × 0.6, slice thickness = 0.75 mm, increment = 0.4 mm.
Somatom definition scanner
Manufactured by Siemens
Sourced in Germany
The Somatom Definition scanner is a computed tomography (CT) imaging system manufactured by Siemens. It is designed to capture high-quality images of the body's internal structures. The core function of this device is to acquire detailed cross-sectional images of the body using X-ray technology.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Omnipaque 350, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Care dose 4d, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Ultravist 300, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Care kv, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Optima mr450w, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Skyra 3.0t, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Optima 660, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Amira software, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ge discovery 750hd scanner, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
10 protocols using somatom definition scanner
1
Silicon Heart Phantom for MRE Validation
2
Contrast-Enhanced Liver CT Imaging Protocol
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Informed consent for contrast-enhanced liver CTs was given by all patients. Liver CTs were acquired in each patient before and 1, 3, and 6 months after RE. In 61 patients, an additional 9-months-follow-up liver CT was available. All CTs were conducted using a Somatom Definition scanner (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany). Collimation was 128x0.6mm and images were acquired at approximately 120kVp utilizing Care kV™ and Care Dose4D™ (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) as dose-saving protocol. Automatic bolus triggering was used for arterial phase acquisition, placing the trigger in the descending aorta at the level of the celiac trunk. The portal venous phase of the abdomen was acquired 85 seconds after injection of the contrast medium. 100ml Ultravist 300 (Iopromid 300, Bayer HealthCare, Leverkusen, Germany) at a rate of 3.0ml/sec was administered, followed by 40ml saline at the same rate. Images were reconstructed using B30f kernel in 5mm slice thickness.
3
3D Modeling of Cerebral Aneurysms
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We utilized 3D Slicer (referred as “Slicer” in the following text), an open source, multi-platform visualization and image analysis software [17] , [18] as described previously [9] (link). Composite three-dimensional (3D) models of BTA aneurysms and their surrounding vasculature were generated with pre-operative CT angiography (CTA) images. All CTAs were performed on a Siemens SOMATOM Definition scanner with slice thickness of 0.75 mm and increment of 0.5 mm. The vascular compartment was isolated using thresholding with the brain parenchyma as reference. Aneurysm borders and contours were then reconstructed using a triangle reduction and smoothing algorithm. This 3D surface model of the aneurysm and surrounding vessels could be manipulated freely in the Slicer environment. (Figures 1 and 2 ) Volumes, lengths, and angles were then manually measured with fiducial-based tractography.
4
MRI Protocols for SRS/SRT Treatment Planning
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Two MR scanners were included in this study: a GE Optima MR450w (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK) with a static magnetic field of 1.5 T and a Siemens Skyra 3.0 T (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany). Emphasis was given to evaluate the clinical protocols used specifically for SRS/SRT treatment planning. In particular, 3 sequences are employed in clinical routine labeled as “FSPGR BRAVO,” “FSPGR 3D T1w,” and “T1w MPRAGE.” The corresponding clinically used head coils were also utilized.
All specific details and imaging parameters were kept to their default values for SRS/SRT treatment planning and are summarized inTable 1 . Pixel size was always 0.9375 × 0.9375 mm2. Prior to scanning, the phantom was filled with standard copper sulfate solution.
To obtain the reference CP distribution, the phantom was also CT scanned. Images were acquired by a Siemens Somatom Definition scanner with a reconstruction pixel size of 0.45 × 0.45 mm2, slice thickness of 0.6 mm, operated at 120 kVp.
No stereotactic frame, localization box, or any other apparatus was mounted on the phantom during MR (nor CT) scanning in order to avoid frame-induced distortions17 (link) or susceptibility-related artifacts.
All specific details and imaging parameters were kept to their default values for SRS/SRT treatment planning and are summarized in
To obtain the reference CP distribution, the phantom was also CT scanned. Images were acquired by a Siemens Somatom Definition scanner with a reconstruction pixel size of 0.45 × 0.45 mm2, slice thickness of 0.6 mm, operated at 120 kVp.
No stereotactic frame, localization box, or any other apparatus was mounted on the phantom during MR (nor CT) scanning in order to avoid frame-induced distortions17 (link) or susceptibility-related artifacts.
5
Longitudinal Evaluation of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease
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We analyzed two CT scans, one performed prior to treatment initiation (baseline CT scan) and a follow-up CT scan performed after at least six months of well-conducted treatment. CT scans were performed during routine follow-up, in clinically stable patients. The adolescent population was evaluated on a Siemens Somatom Definition scanner (Timone Hospital, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) and the adult population was evaluated at North Hospital, on a GE Optima 660 CT scanner (General Electrics, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). The acquisition parameters varied from 80 to 120 kilovolts (kV) with systematic use of an automatic dose modulation system. Two acquisitions were performed, without injection of contrast medium, one in inspiration and the other in expiration, with the use of a spatial reconstruction filter. The Dose-Length Product (DLP) was collected for each scanner. CF structural lung disease was evaluated by one radiologist using the Brody Scoring system who was trained by a thoracic radiologist. Each scanner was evaluated using the modified Brody scoring method. The choice was made not to multiply the readings because the intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of the Brody score had already been evaluated [9 (link),10 (link)]. CT scans were not anonymized, and the radiologist could compare baseline CT scan and follow-up CT scan.
6
3D Reconstruction of TMJ from CT Scans
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CT examinations were performed with a Somatom Definition scanner (Siemens) using the following parameters: Kv 120, mAs 400, slice thickness of 0.2 mm [28 (link)].
3D reconstruction was performed by using a freeware graphic software package (Osirix 3.3.1, 64-bit). The TMJ structure in the CT images was extracted from the skull by marking manually the regions of interest on the computer. Then, it was stacked to create new volumetric data. Bones, muscles, ligaments and bone cavities, were classified using interval thresholds based on Hounsfield Units (HU).
The transparency was set in relationship to the bone and muscle tissue (100%), or to the bone cavities (0%). The soft tissues were considered opaque or transparent in relationship to the region of interest and due to the tissue in exam.
The reconstruction was performed with fields of view of 21 × 21 cm, with the result that the voxel size of the in-plane became 0.41 × 0.41 mm with a 512.512 matrix. Once the CT scan was acquired, the data were sent to the workstation Apple Mac Pro Eight-Core 2.8GHz Xeon Desktop Computer, the images were viewed as consecutive axial section and so performed manually for each axial image by editing with Osirix 3.3.1.
3D reconstruction was performed by using a freeware graphic software package (Osirix 3.3.1, 64-bit). The TMJ structure in the CT images was extracted from the skull by marking manually the regions of interest on the computer. Then, it was stacked to create new volumetric data. Bones, muscles, ligaments and bone cavities, were classified using interval thresholds based on Hounsfield Units (HU).
The transparency was set in relationship to the bone and muscle tissue (100%), or to the bone cavities (0%). The soft tissues were considered opaque or transparent in relationship to the region of interest and due to the tissue in exam.
The reconstruction was performed with fields of view of 21 × 21 cm, with the result that the voxel size of the in-plane became 0.41 × 0.41 mm with a 512.512 matrix. Once the CT scan was acquired, the data were sent to the workstation Apple Mac Pro Eight-Core 2.8GHz Xeon Desktop Computer, the images were viewed as consecutive axial section and so performed manually for each axial image by editing with Osirix 3.3.1.
7
3D Modeling and Measurement of Cerebral Aneurysms
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As described in our prior study [10] (link), we utilized 3D Slicer (referred as “Slicer” in the following text), an open source, multi-platform visualization and image analysis software [15] , [16] . Pre-operative CT angiography (CTA) images were utilized to generate composite three-dimensional (3D) models of the aneurysm and surrounding vasculature. All CTAs were performed on a Siemens® SOMATOM Definition scanner with slice thickness of 0.75 mm and increment of 0.5 mm. We were able to separate the vascular compartment by thresholding. Aneurysm contours were then reconstructed using a triangle reduction and smoothing algorithm. This 3D surface model of the aneurysm and surrounding vessels could be manipulated freely in the Slicer environment. (Figures 1 and 2 ) Fiducial-based tractography was then utilized to manually measure volumes, lengths and angles in 3D space.
8
Comprehensive Hip CT and Dual Fluoroscopy Imaging
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CT of the hip was performed via a 128-slice SOMATOM Definition scanner (Siemens)
using an established protocol.10 (link)
The pelvis and femur were imaged at 120 kVp and 200 to 400 mAs, and
images were reconstructed with a 1.0-mm slice thickness. Images were resampled
to 3 times the original voxel resolution (resampled range, 0.20-0.25 × 0.20-0.25
× 0.33 mm), and each bone was segmented using Amira software (Version 6.0;
Thermo Fisher Scientific).23
Next, a custom dual fluoroscopy system (Radiological Imaging Services)
validated for hip imaging1 (link),6 (link),10 (link)
was used to obtain images of participants’ hips in a neutral standing
position with feet hip-width apart. Images were collected at 100 frames per
second, with energy settings ranging from 78 to 100 kVp and from 1.9 to 3.2 mAs
for tube voltage and current time product, respectively.
using an established protocol.10 (link)
The pelvis and femur were imaged at 120 kVp and 200 to 400 mAs, and
images were reconstructed with a 1.0-mm slice thickness. Images were resampled
to 3 times the original voxel resolution (resampled range, 0.20-0.25 × 0.20-0.25
× 0.33 mm), and each bone was segmented using Amira software (Version 6.0;
Thermo Fisher Scientific).23
Next, a custom dual fluoroscopy system (Radiological Imaging Services)
validated for hip imaging1 (link),6 (link),10 (link)
was used to obtain images of participants’ hips in a neutral standing
position with feet hip-width apart. Images were collected at 100 frames per
second, with energy settings ranging from 78 to 100 kVp and from 1.9 to 3.2 mAs
for tube voltage and current time product, respectively.
9
Chest CT Imaging Protocol Optimization
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The chest CT images were obtained from the following CT systems: SOMATOM definition scanner (Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany), and GE discovery 750HD scanner (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA). The scanning parameters of the above devices were as follows: tube voltage, 120 kV; automatic tube current adjustment technology, 100–350 mAs; matrix size, 512×512; slice interval, 0 mm; standard soft-tissue algorithm reconstruction; reconstructed section thickness, 1 mm.
10
Detailed Craniofacial CT Anatomy Segmentation
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We have IRB exemption with our Human Subjects Protection & Privacy Program, internally at the University of Arizona. A de-identified subject without radiologic sinus disease had existing Computed Tomography (CT) imaging of the head using a SOMATOM Definition scanner (Siemens, Munich, Germany). Axial sequence parameters comprised 1mm thickness, 120kVp, and 1000ms exposure time. 3DSlicer was used for manual segmentation. 21, 22 Bone, sinonasal mucosa, internal carotid and anterior ethmoid arteries, optic tracts, and each paranasal sinus were segmented and exported as surface meshes (Figure 1A-D).
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