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12 protocols using calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase

1

Phosphatase Treatment of Parasite Proteins

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HFF monolayers grown in T25 flasks were infected with either GRA16-3xHA tagged parasites or untagged control parasites for 24 hours at an MOI of 2 under tachyzoite growth conditions. Adherent cultures were rinsed twice in cold PBS and then harvested in 500μL of cold RIPA buffer supplemented with cOmplete EDTA-free protease inhibitor (Sigma). Protein lysates were sonicated (30 seconds total, 20% amplitude, 1 second pulses) and incubated on ice for 30 minutes to allow for solubilization. Aliquots of sonicated and solubilized lysates containing approximately 2μg total protein were either treated with 100U calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Promega) in alkaline phosphatase buffer (50mM Tris-HCl pH 9.3, 1mM MgCl2, 0.1mM ZnCl2, 1mM spermidine) or mock treated with alkaline phosphatase buffer only and incubated in a 37C water bath for 1 hour. The reaction was then terminated by the addition of Laemmli buffer, and samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting as described below.
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2

Enzyme Kinetics of Glycosyltransferase Fut8

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The relative enzyme activity of the substrates, A2-Asn, A2Asn-Fmoc, GlcNAc1Man5GlcNAc2-Asn, GlcNAc1Man5GlcNAc2-Asn-Fmoc, Man5GlcNAc2-Asn and Man5GlcNAc2-Asn-Fmoc, were determined by titrating with wild type Fut8 enzyme purified as reported earlier (27 ). Enzyme kinetics were performed using GDP-Glo™ Glycosyltransferase assay (Promega) for the substrates at a concentration range of 0–1mM (0–1.5 mM for Man5GlcNAc2-Asn) along with GDP-fucose (0.2 mM final concentration, pre-treated with Calf Intestinal alkaline-phosphatase (Promega)) as donor sugar (27 ). Reactions were carried out in a 10 μl reaction volume consisting of a universal buffer (200 mM each of Tris, MES, MOPS, pH 7.5) with the purified wild type enzyme at 37°C for 30 min. Reactions were stopped using 5 μl of GDP detection reagent and an equal volume of reaction mix in a polystyrene, white 384-well plate and incubating in dark for 1 h at room temperature. The luminescence values were measured using a GloMax Multi detection plate reader (Promega) and compared with a GDP standard curve to quantify the final released GDP product. The steady state parameters of KM, kcat, and kcat/KM values were determined using nonlinear curve fitting in GraphPad Prism 6 software.
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3

Custom Adapter Preparation for RNA-seq

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Custom acceptors and 5′ phosphorylated adapters (Table 1) were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) and gel purified using denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (DPAGE). End-labeled adapters used at trace levels in adenylylation quantification experiments were dephosphorylated with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Promega) and then re-5′-phosphorylated with [γ-32P]-ATP using T4 polynucleotide kinase according to the manufacturer's (New England Biolabs, NEB) instructions. Adapters 1T and 3 and acceptor 2 have previously been used in small RNA cDNA library construction (Williams et al. 2013 (link)).
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4

In situ DNA digestion and ligation

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Samples for DNA accessibility mapping were prepared in the same way as BLISS samples, except that the in situ DSBs blunting step was substituted by an in situ DNA digestion step using 1 U μl–1 of HindIII endonuclease (NEB, catalogue number R3104) and incubating the samples for 18 h at 37 °C. HindIII cut sites were ligated with modified BLISS adapters carrying the HindIII complementary sticky end (see Supplementary Fig. 4h). To prevent in situ re-ligation of HindIII cut sites, the samples were incubated for 2 h at 37 °C in the presence of 0.015 U μl–1 of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Promega, catalogue number M2825) before in situ ligation.
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5

Cloning of Wheat RabD2a Gene

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Bovine serum albumin, calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase, T4 DNA ligase enzyme and BamHI and BglII restriction enzymes were acquired from Promega. A 270-bp section of the CDS of wheat RabD2a gene Ta.54382 was obtained by PCR using primers with BamHI and BglII restriction sites added to their 5′ ends (Table 3, Figure S7). The PCR product was purified and cloned into the vector pHMW-Adh-Nos (Nemeth et al., 2010 (link); Figure S1). Digestion and ligation of insert and vector were performed using the supplier's instructions. Negative controls used were no enzyme digest (for both insert and vector digests), no enzyme ligation, no vector ligation and no insert ligation. Competent DH5-α E. coli cells were used for transformation. E. coli cells were grown in LB+ampicillin medium (Per plate: 10 mL sterile LB medium mixed with 10 μL 100 mg/mL ampicillin).
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6

Coligo Circularization: DNA Ultramer Oligonucleotides

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5′ phosphorylated synthetic linear DNA Ultramer® oligonucleotides were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies. Coligo secondary structures were predicted using the mfold program.14 (link) Circularization of coligo precursors discontinuous in regions predicted to be ss (122, 19aTAR, 221, 19am3, luc-1, luc-2, Dcr3, 15a-b, 19a, mut2A, mut2B, 19a-rb, 19a-rb-122L, 19a-rb-122LS, 19a-rb5, 19a-rb7, 19a-rb9) was performed using TS2126 RNA ligase enzyme as previously described.21 (link) 5′ phosphorylated nicked dumbbell or dumbbell-like linear DNA Ultramers (19anbm19, 19anbm23, 19anbm29, 19anbm34, 19anb-BR1, 19anb-BR2, 19anb-BR3, 19anb-BR4, 19anb-BR5) were circularized using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (New England BioLabs, NEB, M0202S) and purified as described below. Unphosphorylated coligo precursors used in Figures 5A-C were made by dephosphorylating the purchased Ultramer oligo using Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Promega, M182A) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Similarly, 5′ [γ-32P]-ATP labeling of dephosphorylated linear Ultramer for Figures 5D and 5E was done using T4 Polynucleotide kinase (NEB, M0201S) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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7

DENV NS5 Polymerase Inhibitor Assay

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The cell-based experiments were performed as previously described33 (link). Briefly, the Huh-7 cells were transfected with 0.5 µg of p(+)RLuc-(–)DV-UTRΔC-FLuc and DENV NS5 expression vector pcDNA-NS5-Myc followed by compound treatment for 3 days. The RLuc and FLuc activities were analysed by Dual-Glo Luciferase Assay System37 (link). The enzyme-based fluorescence-based alkaline phosphatase-coupled polymerase assay (FAPA) was performed as previously described33 (link). Briefly, the template was amplified from the cDNA of DENV-2 minus strand 3′-UTR and its RNA was synthesised by the T7 Megascript kit38 (link). The 100 nM DENV NS5 protein was incubated with 1, 5 or 10 µM test compound, 100 nM (−) 3′-UTR RNA, 20 µM CTP, GTP, UTP and 20 µM BBT-ATP (Jena Bioscience) in a total volume of 30 µL in assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.3 mM MnCl2, 0.001% Triton X-100 and 10 µM cysteine) at 25 °C for 60 min. The 30 µL of 2.5× stop buffer (200 mM NaCl, 25 mM MgCl2, 1.5 M diethanolamine, pH 10) with 25 nM calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Promega) was added to the reaction after 60-min incubation. The fluorescence signal was measured at excitation wavelength of 422 nm and emission wavelength of 566 nm, respectively.
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8

Porcine Atrioventricular Valve Leaflet Culture

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Hearts were obtained from healthy, non-pregnant female pigs immediately after slaughter at a local abattoir (Holifield Farms, Covington, GA, USA). The AV leaflets were immediately excised, thoroughly rinsed, and stored in sterile Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered solution (dPBS; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 4°C for transport to the laboratory. Upon arrival at the laboratory, five pieces (each 5 mm2) were cut aseptically from the basal region of each leaflet in a laminar flow hood. Each leaflet sample was placed in a separate well of a 12-well tissue culture plate with 2.4 ml of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM; Mediatech, Herndon, VA, USA) containing penicillin and streptomycin for eight days in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C, with media changes every two days. The DMEM contains 1.8 mM calcium and 0.8 mM phosphate, and the phosphate concentration was increased by adding NaH2PO4. For some studies, the valves were devitalized prior to culture by repetitive freezing and thawing (five to six cycles). The following additives were used when indicated: inorganic pyrophosphatase (from bakers’ yeast; Sigma Diagnostics, St. Louis, MO, USA), 1000 Units/ml stock solution in Hanks buffered salt solution; calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), 1000 units/ml suspension; and etidronic acid (TCI America, Portland, OR, USA), 1 mM stock solution in distilled water.
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9

Western Blot Analysis of OXSR1 and Downstream Targets

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Equal amounts of total cell extracts were run under denaturing conditions using NuPAGE Novex 4–12% Bis-Tris gradient gels (Life Technologies). Proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes using the iBlot system (Life Technologies), with a standard (P0, 8 min) protocol. Nitrocellulose was blocked for 60 min in 5% w/w non-fat dried milk (Marvel) in Tris buffered saline/0.05% Tween-20 (TBST). Primary antibodies used were: Anti-OXSR1 (Abcam, ab224248), 1/1000; anti- Phospho-OXSR1 (Abcam, ab138655), 1/1000; anti-S6K (Cell signaling, 2708), 1/2000; anti-P-S6K (Cell signaling, 9205), 1/1000; anti-NKCC1 (Cell Signaling, 14581), 1/500; anti-GAPDH (Sigma, G9545), 1/2000; HRP-conjugated secondary antibody was antirabbit (Sigma-Aldrich, A6154), 1/5000. Chemiluminescence detection was performed using Immobilon reagent (Millipore) and the Gel-Doc™ XR+ system (Bio-Rad). Quantification was performed using the ImageJ gel quantification plugin or Image Lab software (Biorad). To better identify phopho-OXSR1 band, one of the replicate samples was treated with Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Promega, M182A) for 60 min at 37 °C.
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10

Mutagenesis of Arabidopsis MET1 Enzyme

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DNA fragments with compatible ends were ligated in a reaction incubated for 17 h at 4 oC using 1 U of T4 DNA ligase (Promega). De-phosphorylation was carried out using calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 5’ overhangs produced after amplicon assembly were filled by PCR using the Phusion high-fidelity PCR kit (Finnzymes). Arabidopsis transformation was carried out by floral dip [24 (link)].
The MET1 cDNA [25 (link)] was cut from p-GEM T easy (Promega) using EcoRI and was subsequently ligated into pGreen II 0179 35S-NOS, which contains a single EcoRI site in the polylinker region between the promoter and terminator. To remove the catalytic function from MET1 we followed the strategy documented by Hsieh et al [26 (link)] and exchanged the cysteine residue in the active site loop region in MET1 GGPPCQGFSGMNRFN by a serine residue. Site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent assembly-PCR were used to mutate the cysteine codon (TGT) to a serine codon (TCT) within the MET1 coding sequence.
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