Phosphate buffered saline 1 pbs buffer

Zinc nitrate hexahydrate, 2-methylimidazole, catalase from bovine liver (CAT), fluorescein diacetate, BioTracker 655 Red Cytoplasmic Membrane Dye, bovine serum albumin (BSA), Tween 20, tris(2carboxyethyl)-phosphine (TCEP), Pluronic F-127 (PF-127), paraformaldehyde, and Triton X-100 were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. DMEM culture medium, fetal bovine serum, phosphate-buffered saline 1 × PBS buffer, antibody dilution buffer, penicillin/streptomycin, EDTA powder, Hoechst 33342 (nucleic acid stain) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Anti-carcinoembryonic antigen–antibody (ab133633, Alexa Fluor® 488 ab214868), goat polyclonal secondary antibody to Rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor® 647, ab150079), goat polyclonal secondary antibody to Rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor® 488, ab150077), cell counting kit (CCK-8) were purchased from Abcam. Percoll gradients were purchased from TBD sciences (Tianjin, China). Reagents were used without any further purification. The particle movement was recorded as a video using a light microscope placed sideways. A thin glass chamber is designed by stacking two coverglass filled with solutions containing various amounts of H₂O₂, and the moving distance was pre-calibrated with a 4 mm stainless steel sphere. ImageJ software was used to extract the particle motion trajectory that enabled the calculation of the particle velocity change from the video.

Polyester woven mesh with 20 μm opening size (PM-E #635 polyester cloth) was purchased from Gilson Company, Inc. (Lewis Center, OH, USA). High-strength, high-temperature silicone rubber sheets were purchased from McMaster-Carr (Robbinsville, NJ, USA). PVDF ultrafiltration membranes (Synder BN; 50 kDa MWCO) and polyamide nanofiltration membranes (GE HL) were from Sterlitech (Kent, WA, USA). Bovine serum albumin (BSA, 66.4 kDa, 9048-46-8), sodium chloride (NaCl, 7647-14-5) and ethyl alcohol (anhydrous, 200 proof) were from MilliporeSigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). BSA-Alexa Fluor™ 647 conjugate, 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl) aminofluorescein (5-DTAF), phosphate-buffered saline (1× PBS buffer), and sodium carbonate powder (Na₂CO₃, 497-19-8) were from ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).