K2cro4

Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O(≥99.0%), NH₄VO₃(≥99.0%), NaCl(≥ 99.8%), NH₃·H₂O(~28%), HNO₃(~68%), HBO₃(≥99.8%), KOH(≥85.0%), Na₂SO₃(≥ 97.0%), Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (≥98.5%), KMnO₄(≥ 99.5%), SrCO₃(≥99%), TiO₂(≥99%), Rh₂O₃(≥ 99.8%), RuCl₃·nH₂O(≥98%), K₂CrO₄(≥98%), polyvinyl alcohol(≥99%), Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O(≥99%), Na₂WO₄·2H₂O(≥99.5%), HCl(36.0~38.0%), (NH₄)₂C₂O₄·H₂O(≥99.8%), CuSO₄·5H₂O(≥99%), lactic acid_, NaOH(≥96%)_, and TiCl₄(≥98.0%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. ZnO (99.9%), Cu₂O(99.9%), WO₃ (≥99.0%) and low-melting-point liquid metal (bismuth indium tin ingot/Field’s metal, Bi: In: Sn = 32.5: 51: 16.5 wt%) is purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All chemicals were used without further purification.

The strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table 1, and the primers are listed in Supplementary Table 2. Alishewanella sp. WH16-1 and Escherichia coli strains S17-1 and BL21(DE3) were cultured at 37°C in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. Stock solutions of rifampin (Rif, 50 mg mL^–1), kanamycin (Kan, 50 mg mL^–1), chloramphenicol (Cm, 25 mg mL^–1), ampicillin (Amp, 50 mg/mL), K₂CrO₄ (1 mol/L) and Na₂SeO₃ (1 mol/L) were added when required. Rif, Kan, Cm, K₂CrO₄, and Na₂SeO₃ were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).